Table 2.

Population and intervention characteristics for resistance training studies with metabolic outcomes among children and adolescents.

Source	Population	Intervention Description	Freq. (d/wk)	Duration (min/d)	Intensity (units vary)	Volume (sets x reps)	Study Length (Wks)	% Attendance (Compliance)c
Ackel-D’ Elia 2014a(2)	Enrolled N=132 Completers N=72 22 M; 50 F Age: 16.5y mean;15–19y Brazil, Obese	LPA vs AT vs AT+RT LPA: recreational team sports (soccer, handball, basketball etc.) AT: treadmill or cycle-ergometer RT: Free weights and machines (bench press, leg press, sit-ups, lat pull down, hamstring curls, lower back, military press, calf raise, arm curls, triceps push down)	3	LPA: 60min AT: 60min AT+RT: 30min AT; 30min RT	LPA:NA AT: ventilatory threshold I (±4bpm) AT+RT: 15–20RM; 10–12RM; and 6–8RM	LPA:NA AT:NA RT:progressed with volume and intensity inversely modified; 3 sets; 1st 2 weeks: 15–20reps, 3 × 6–20 reps thereafter	24	UNK Analysis limited to completers. Criteria for completion not described.
Benson 2008(6)	Enrolled N=78 Completers N=70 46 M; 32 F Age: 12.2y mean; 10–15 y New Zealand: European(86%), Maori(6%),Pacific (2.6%), Other (5.1%) Rural; Normal weight to obese	CON vs. RT RT: Progressive resistance training using free weights and ankle weights (bicep screw curl, triceps extension, one arm dumbbell row, one arm dumbbell front raise, bench press, standing leg abduction, standing leg curl, calf raise, squat, abdominal crunches and reverse crunches)	2	UNK	RPE of 15–18; approx.. 80% peak strength	2 × 8	8	77% Analysis limited to completers. (loading intensity target attained; mean RPE: 15.6)
Damaso 2014a(8)	Enrolled N=139 Completers N=116 57 M; 82 F Age: 16.9y mean; 15–19y Brazil; Obese	AT vs AT+RT AT: treadmill running RT: alternated RT first one day, then AT first the next day. Bench and leg press, sit-ups, lat pull-down, hamstring curls, lower-back, military press, calf raise, arm curls, tricep push downs. UNK equipment.	3	AT: 60min RT+AT: 30min AT; 30min RT	AT: 50–70% ventilatory threshold I RT: % 1 RM UNK.	AT: NA RT:progressed with volume and intensity inversely modified; 3 sets; 1st 2 weeks: 15–20reps, 3 × 6–20 reps thereafter	52	≥75% Analysis limited to completers.
Davis 2009(9)	Enrolled N=68 Completers N=54 28 M; 26 F Age: 15.5y mean; 14–18y USA (Los Angeles, CA); Overweight/ Obese; Latino	CON vs D vs RT+D D: motivational interviewing, nutrition education classes emphasizing low sugar, high fiber. RT: free weights and machine weights (leg press, bench press, dead lift, lat pull-down, biceps curl, triceps push-down, leg curl, leg extension, calf raises, and shoulder press)	D: 1 RT: 2	D: 90min RT: 60min	D: NA RT: 62–71% 1RM wks 1–4 74–88% 1RM wks 5–10 92–97% 1RM wks 11–16	D: NA RT: Wk 1–4: 1 × 10–15 Wk 5–10: 2 × 3–15 Wk 11–16: 3 × 8–12	16	≥75% D sessions; ≥88% exercise sessions Analysis limited to completers.
Davis 2009(10)	Enrolled N=50 Completers N=41 0 M; 41 F Age: 15.2y mean; 14–18y USA (Los Angeles, CA) Overweight/ Obese Latina	CON vs D vs RT+D vs RT+AT+D D: culturally tailored motivational interviewing, nutrition education classes emphasizing low sugar, high fiber. RT: free weights and machine weights (leg press, bench press, dead lift, lat pull-down, biceps curl, triceps push-down, leg curl, leg extension, calf raises, and shoulder press) RT+AT: one upper and one lower body exercise paired, performed for 1 min without stopping followed by 2 min of cardio exercise on treadmill, elliptical, or aerobics	D:1 RT: 2 RT+AT: 2	D: 90min RT: 60min RT+AT: 30min RT, 30min AT	D:NA AT:NA RT: 62–71% 1RM wks 1–4 74–88% 1RM wks 5–10 92–97% 1RM wks 11–16 Personalized progressive resistance as strength improved	D:NA AT:NA RT: Wk 1–4: 1 × 10–15 Wk 5–10: 2 × 3–15 Wk 11–16: 3 × 8–12	16	UNK Analysis limited to completers.
de Piano 2012a(11)	N=58 No attrition reported. 27 M; 31 F Age: 16.5y mean; 15–19y Brazil; Obese Blocked by NAFLD	AT vs AT+RT blocked by NAFLD status AT: treadmill running RT: alternated RT first one day, then AT first the next day. UNK exercises and equipment, but stated that exercises targeted each of the main muscle groups. All groups had 1xwk dietetic lessons	3	AT: 60min AT+RT: 30min AT; 30min RT	AT: ventilatory threshold I (50–70% of VO2 max) AT+RT: volume and intensity adjusted inversely for RT exercises. % of 1 RM UNK	AT:NA RT: Introductory period then volume and intensity adjusted inversely, decreasing number of reps to 6–20 for 3 sets	52	UNK
Hasson 2012(16)	Enrolled N = 126 Completers N=100 39 M; 61 F Age: 15.4y mean; 14–18y USA (Los Angeles, CA); Obese Latino (n=52)b and African American (n=48)	CON vs D vs RT+D D: motivational interviewing, nutrition education classes emphasizing low sugar, high fiber RT: free weights and machine weights (leg press, bench press, dead lift, lat pull-down, biceps curl, triceps push-down, leg curl, leg extension, calf raises, and shoulder press)	D: 1 RT: 2	D: 90min RT: 60min	D:NA RT: Wk 1–4: 62–71% baseline 1RM; Wk 5–10: 74–88% baseline 1RM; Wk 11–16: 92–97% baseline 1 RM	D:NA RT:Wk 1–4: 1 × 10–15 Wk 5–10: 2 × 3–15 Wk 11–16: 3 × 8–12	16	UNK Analysis limited to completers.
Kelly 2015(18)	Enrolled =32 Completers N=26 26 M; 0 F Age: 15.4y mean; 14–18y USA, (Los Angeles, CA) Obese Latino	CON vs RT RT: Compound and isolated upper and lower body exercises. UNK equipment type.	2	60min	wk 1–4 “light to moderate” wk 5–10 “moderate” wk 11–16 “moderate to high”	wk 1–4: 1 × 10–15 wk 5–10: 2–3 × 13–15 wk 11–16: 3–4 × 8–12	16	89% Analysis limited to completers.
Lee 2012(21)	Enrolled (N=45) Analyzed ITT (N=45)/ Per protocol analysis (N=42) 45 M; 0 F 15.2y AT; 14.6y RT; 14.8y CON mean; 12–18y all USA (Pittsburgh, PA); Obese African American (n=23) and Caucasian (n=22)	CON vs AT vs RT Weight maintenance diet all groups. AT: treadmill, elliptical, stationary bikes RT: whole body exercises with free weights and machines (leg press, leg extension, leg curl, chest press, lat pulldown, seated row, bicep curl, tricep extension)	3	AT: Progressed from 40min to 60min RT: 60min	AT: 50%of VO2 peak; increasing to 60–75%; RT: 60% of 1RM	AT:NA RT: Wk 1–4: 1–2 × 8–12 Wk 4–13: 2×8–12- to fatigue	12	≥99% (Session duration AT 57.7 min; RT 59.4min) HR 153.8 bpm & EE 713.9 kcal/session for AT; RT HR & EE not presented)
Lee 2013(22)	Enrolled and Analyzed ITT N=44 Per protocol analysis N=36 0 M; 44 F 14.6y AT; 14.8y RT; 15.0y CON mean; 12–18y all USA (Pittsburgh, PA); Obese; African American (n=30) and Caucasian (n=14)	CON vs AT vs RT Weight maintenance diet all groups. AT: treadmill, eliptical RT: machine weights leg press, leg extension, leg curl, chest press, lat pulldown, seated row, bicep curl, tricep extension	3	AT: Progressed from 40min to 60min RT: 60min	AT: 50%of VO2 peak; increasing to 60–75%; RT: 60% of 1RM	AT: NA RT: Wk 1–4: 1–2 × 8–12 Wk 4–13: 2×8–12 to fatigue	12	≥95% (Session duration AT 56.0 min; RT 57.0min) HR 153.0 bpm & EE 536.6 kcal/session for AT; RT HR & EE not presented)
Shaibi 2006(33)	Enrolled N=28 Completers N=22 22 M; 0 F 15.1y RT; 15.6y CON mean; 14–16y All USA (Los Angeles, CA);Overweight/ Obese Latino	CON vs RT RT: Progressive RT on free weights and machine weights. One day of compound lower-body exercises and isolated upper-body exercises and another day of compound upper-body exercises and isolated lower-body exercises (leg press, bench press, dead lift, lat pull-down, biceps curl, triceps push-down, leg curl, leg extension, and shoulder press)	2	≤60min	Loads adjusted weekly to maintain adequate resistance within repetition ranges	Wk 1–4: 1 × 10–15 Wk 5–10: 2 × 3–15 Wk 11–16: 3 × 8–12	16	96%; (Achieved 62–71% 1RM wks 1–4 74–88% 1RM wks 5–10 92–97% 1RM wks 11–16 relative to baseline)
Sigal 2014 (3, 35)	Enrolled and Analyzed ITT N=304 Per-protocol analysis N=144 (24.7% withdrawl) 91 M; 213 F 15.6y mean; 14–18y Canada (Ontario) Obese or overweight with additional diabetes or cardiovascular risk factor	CON vs AT vs RT vs RT+AT All groups received diet counseling at 0, 3, and 6 months AT: treadmill, elliptical, bicycle ergometer RT: machines and free weights (bench press, incline bench press, chest fly, incline chest fly, front lateral pull down, seated row, lateral raise, shoulder shrugs, shoulder press, front raise, dumbbell pullover, tricep press, assisted tricep dips, preacher curl, bicep curl, squat, leg press, leg extension, lying knee extensions, leg curl, lunge, straight leg raise, abdominal crunches, sit-ups)	4	AT-progressed to 45min RT progressed to 45min RT+AT progressed to 90min	AT: 65 to 85% max HR RT: 8RM test used to set loads.	AT: NA RT: Progressive 2×15 to 3 × 8 at max	26	Median: 62% AT; 56%RT; 64% RT+AT NS btw groups. Per protocol analysis: completers with ≥70% adherence
Suh 2011 (37)	Enrolled/completers N=30 15 M; 15 F 13.1y mean; UNK range (middle school) Korea; Overweight/Obese	D vs AT+D vs RT+D D: diet education 2d/wk and daily diet records and weekly review of records by nutritionist AT: jumping rope, walking or running on a treadmill and stationary cycling, gymnastics RT: squats, leg extension, lying leg curls, military press, leg press, lateral pulldowns, bench press, crunch, leg raise, and dead lift	D: 2 AT:3 RT:3	AT: 40min RT: 60min	AT:60% VO2max month 1; 65% VO2max month 2; 70%VO2max month 3 RT: 60% 1RM	AT: NA RT: 2–3 × 10–12	12	100%

^aThe Inter-discipinary Obesity Program of the Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo-UNIFESP project (GEO) has been conducted annually since 2004.

^bLatino population overlaps with Davis, Obesity, 2009 article; African American population does not overlap.

^cCompliance with intervention intensity, in addition to attendance, presented if available.

Age is reported as mean ± SD, when available, or the age range of participants included in the study. ITT, intent to treat; LPA, leisure physical activity; AT, aerobic training group; CON, control group; D, diet group; EE, energy expenditure; HR, heart rate; bpm, beats per minute; RPE, rate of perceived exertion; RT, resistance training group; F, female; M, male; NS, not significant; RPE: rate of perceived exertion; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; UNK, unknown/not reported in the source document.