Table 3.

Relationship between readiness, willingness, and ability at individual level, and contraceptive use for men (n = 13,471) and women (n = 15,861)

	No contraceptiona				Traditional contraceptiona
	Men		Women		Men		Women
	OR		OR		OR		OR
Intercept	0.857		0.747	**	0.298	***	0.345	***
Readiness
Not wanting children (ref. wanting)	0.703	***	0.777	***	0.942		0.916	*
Perceived cost of children	0.768	***	0.732	***	1.018		1.003
Willingness
Family values	0.871	***	0.885	***	0.784	***	0.851	***
Not religious (ref. religious)	0.870	***	0.870	***	0.885	*	0.873	***
Ability
Educational level (ref. high)
Studying	0.810		0.674	***	0.942		0.642	***
Low	1.579	***	1.745	***	1.467	***	1.356	***
Middle	1.152	***	1.210	***	1.161	**	1.051
Employment status (ref. employed)
Unemployed	1.149	***	1.135	***	1.126	*	1.199	***
Non-employed	1.112		1.164	***	1.099		1.119	**
Income level (ref. 81–120 %)
≤50 % of median income	1.062		1.002		1.031		0.953
51–80 % of median income	1.040		0.990		1.017		0.954
>120 % of median income	0.922	**	0.958		0.991		0.992
Urban residence (ref. rural)	0.892	***	0.888	***	0.874	***	0.876	***
Variance
Region	0.209	0.051	0.145	0.037	0.121	0.047	0.137	0.044
VPCb	0.060		0.042		0.035		0.040

*** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05

^aControlled for age, age squared, number of children, and marital status

^bVariance at regional level = (σ ² _region )/(σ ² _region  + π ²/3)