Table 2.
Socio-demographic and medical factors related to nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococci in children living in eastern DR Congo
| Socio-demographic factors: | N carrier/N (%) | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | ||
| Age in months | |||||
| < 6 | 29/302 (9.6) | 1.00 | |||
| 6–12 | 46/184 (25) | 1.41 (0.85–2.36) | 0.170 | 0.14 (0.08–0.26) | 0.750 |
| > 12–24 | 32/125 (26) | 2.12 (1.25–3.62) | 0.005 | 0.77 (0.44–1.36) | 0.381 |
| > 24–60 | 56/183 (31) | 3.45 (2.19–5.44) | < 0.0001 | 0.90 (0.48–1.68) | < 0.0001 |
| Sex, male | 91/402 (23) | 1.30 (0.92–1.84) | 0.13 | 1.17 (0.78–1.77) | 0.437 |
| Living in rural area | 98/355 (28) | 2.51 (1.67–3.77) | < 0.0001 | 0.57 (0.33–0.97) | 0.039 |
| No of people sleeping in the same room as the child | |||||
| < 3 | 3/31 (9.7) | 1.00 | |||
| ≥ 3 | 74/253 (29) | 0.018 | 1.27 (0.45–3.55) | 0.644 | |
| Enclosed kitchena (N = 77) | 43/77 (56) | 6.47 (3.62–11.56) | < 0.0001 | 10.18 (4.93–21.02) | < 0.0001 |
| Medical factors | |||||
| Undernutritionb (N = 286) | 83/286 (29) | 2.18 (1.54–3.10) | < 0.0001 | 0.48 (0.32–0.73) | 0.001 |
| Current feverc (N = 22) | 14/22 (64) | 5.52 (2.21–13.78) | < 0.0001 | 7.96 (2.38–26.58) | 0.001 |
| Previous hospitalisation (N = 74) | 27/74 (36) | 1.83 (1.04–3.25) | 0.035 | 1.61 (0.72–3.59) | 0.244 |
| Antibiotics last month (N = 55) | 23/55 (42) | 2.32 (1.25–4.31) | 0.006 | 2.42 (1.07–5.45) | 0.033 |
| Neonatal problemsd (n = 284) | 22/51 (43.1) | 2.45 (1.30–4.61) | 0.004 | 1.27 (0.53–3.02) | 0.580 |
| PCV13 immunisation | |||||
| 2 or 3 doses (n = 646e) | 9/283 (3.2) | 1.00 | |||
| 1 dose (n = 773) | 46/159 (29) | 12.39 (5.87–26.16) | < 0.0001 | 30.12 (14.36–63) | < 0.0001 |
| 0 dose (n = 773) | 108/331 (33) | 13.47 (6.68–27.17) | < 0.0001 | 20.57 (9.41–44.96) | < 0.0001 |
aEnclosed kitchen = Kitchen with an open fire located inside the house directly connected to the living room and/or the bedrooms
bUndernutrition = weight for age or weight for height as a Z score ≤ −2 standard deviations, determined by ENA for smart software 2011
cFever = 37.5–39.0 °C
dNeonatal problems = neonatal hospitalisation, neonatal asphyxia or neonatal resuscitation
e645 = the number of children that were supposed to be given ≥2 doses of PCV13 when they were older than 10 weeks or two and a half months