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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Behav Neurosci Rep. 2018 May 2;5(2):143–152. doi: 10.1007/s40473-018-0152-y

Table 2.

Benefit/Risk Assessment and related clinical phases

Risks Benefits Next Step
+ + Pilot, phase I or small mechanistic phase II trial to evaluate the risks
+ Revise research question
If feasible (costs and practicability) run a small trial to optimize treatment
+ Ideal scenario – phase II/III, phase III or pivotal trial