. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Nov 19.

Published in final edited form as: Criminology. 2018 Mar 25;56(2):370–401. doi: 10.1111/1745-9125.12175

Table 5.

Fixed Effects Models of Undocumented Immigration on State-Level Violent Victimization Rates, 2000–2012

Panel A: Unweighted	(In) NCVS Violence b	(In) NCVS Robbery b	(In) NCVS Assault b
Focal Variable
Undocumented immigration	−.08 (.05)	−.14t (.07)	−.13^† (.07)
Specification and Summary Information
State effects?	Yes	Yes	Yes
Year effects?	Yes	Yes	Yes
Weighted?	No	No	No

*Panel B: Weighted*	(In) NCVS Violence b	(In) NCVS Robbery b	(In) NCVS Assault b

Focal Variable
Undocumented immigration	−.14^* (.06)	−.22^** (.08)	−.21 ^* (.08)
Specification and Summary Information
State effects?	Yes	Yes	Yes
Year effects?	Yes	Yes	Yes
Weighted?	Yes	Yes	Yes

NOTE: Number of observations = 651. Models in Panel B are weighted by state population. Models include controls for lawful immigration, age structure, urbanization, structural disadvantage, unemployment, manufacturing and managerial employment, gun availability, drugs, incarceration, and police per capita. Independent variables are lagged by one year. Robust clustered Std. Errors reported in parentheses.

^**

p < .01,

p < .05,

^†

p < .10 (two-tailed tests).