Table 1. Characteristics of study participants.
| N | Admission | P-value | N | All-cause mortality | P-value | Suicide mortality | P-value | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | ||||||||||||
| COC measure | |||||||||||||||||
| Low | 152 | 125 | (82.2) | 27 | (17.8) | < .0001 | 152 | 138 | (90.8) | 14 | (9.2) | 0.017 | 145 | (95.4) | 7 | (4.6) | < .0001 |
| Medium | 4273 | 3994 | (93.5) | 279 | (6.5) | 4308 | 3994 | (92.7) | 314 | (7.3) | 4202 | (97.5) | 106 | (2.5) | |||
| High | 44133 | 43238 | (98.0) | 895 | (2.0) | 44487 | 41676 | (93.7) | 2811 | (6.3) | 44082 | (99.1) | 405 | (0.9) | |||
| Outpatient visits | |||||||||||||||||
| Low | 9602 | 9495 | (98.9) | 107 | (1.1) | < .0001 | 9680 | 9159 | (94.6) | 521 | (5.4) | < .0001 | 9620 | (99.4) | 60 | (0.6) | < .0001 |
| High | 38956 | 37862 | (97.2) | 1094 | (2.8) | 39267 | 36649 | (93.3) | 2618 | (6.7) | 38809 | (98.8) | 458 | (1.2) | |||
| Diagnosis | |||||||||||||||||
| Unipolar disorder | 46708 | 45694 | (97.8) | 1014 | (2.2) | < .0001 | 47073 | 44088 | (93.7) | 2985 | (6.3) | 0.0011 | 46592 | (99.0) | 481 | (1.0) | < .0001 |
| Bipolar disorder | 1850 | 1663 | (89.9) | 187 | (10.1) | 1874 | 1720 | (91.8) | 154 | (8.2) | 1837 | (98.0) | 37 | (2.0) | |||
| Age | |||||||||||||||||
| 20–39 | 15522 | 15082 | (97.2) | 440 | (2.8) | 0.0058 | 15550 | 15333 | (98.6) | 217 | (1.4) | < .0001 | 15419 | (99.2) | 131 | (0.8) | 0.0006 |
| 40–59 | 18830 | 18394 | (97.7) | 436 | (2.3) | 18913 | 18341 | (97.0) | 572 | (3.0) | 18718 | (99.0) | 195 | (1.0) | |||
| 60–79 | 12849 | 12553 | (97.7) | 296 | (2.3) | 13041 | 11262 | (86.4) | 1779 | (13.6) | 12866 | (98.7) | 175 | (1.3) | |||
| 80 or above | 1357 | 1328 | (97.9) | 29 | (2.1) | 1443 | 872 | (60.4) | 571 | (39.6) | 1426 | (98.8) | 17 | (1.2) | |||
| Sex | |||||||||||||||||
| Men | 15224 | 14838 | (97.5) | 386 | (2.5) | 0.5513 | 15430 | 13895 | (90.1) | 1535 | (10.0) | < .0001 | 15165 | (98.3) | 265 | (1.7) | < .0001 |
| Women | 33334 | 32519 | (97.6) | 815 | (2.4) | 33517.0 | 31913 | (95.2) | 1604 | (4.8) | 33264 | (99.3) | 253 | (0.8) | |||
| Income | |||||||||||||||||
| Low | 14067 | 13772 | (97.9) | 295 | (2.1) | 0.0029 | 14182 | 13272 | (93.6) | 910 | (6.4) | < .0001 | 14044 | (99.0) | 138 | (1.0) | 0.4335 |
| Middle | 19069 | 18571 | (97.4) | 498 | (2.6) | 19205 | 18125 | (94.4) | 1080 | (5.6) | 18990 | (98.9) | 215 | (1.1) | |||
| High | 15422 | 15014 | (97.4) | 408 | (2.7) | 15560 | 14411 | (92.6) | 1149 | (7.4) | 15395 | (98.9) | 165 | (1.1) | |||
| Region | |||||||||||||||||
| Seoul | 10337 | 10086 | (97.6) | 251 | (2.4) | 0.5887 | 10420 | 9805 | (94.1) | 615 | (5.9) | 0.0296 | 10310 | (98.9) | 110 | (1.1) | 0.8587 |
| Urban | 11815 | 11535 | (97.6) | 280 | (2.4) | 11909 | 11154 | (93.7) | 755 | (6.3) | 11788 | (99.0) | 121 | (1.0) | |||
| Rural | 26406 | 25736 | (97.5) | 670 | (2.5) | 26618 | 24849 | (93.4) | 1769 | (6.7) | 26331 | (98.9) | 287 | (1.1) | |||
| Antidepressant | |||||||||||||||||
| No | 44936 | 43799 | (97.5) | 1137 | (2.5) | 0.0044 | 45306 | 42363 | (93.5) | 2943 | (6.5) | 0.0084 | 44813 | (98.9) | 493 | (1.1) | 0.0227 |
| Yes | 3622 | 3558 | (98.2) | 64 | (1.8) | 3641 | 3445 | (94.6) | 196 | (5.4) | 3616 | (99.3) | 25 | (0.7) | |||
| Antipsychotic | |||||||||||||||||
| No | 48296 | 47105 | (97.5) | 1191 | (2.5) | 0.1603 | 48680 | 45554 | (93.6) | 3126 | (6.4) | 0.3017 | 48163 | (98.9) | 517 | (1.1) | 0.2736 |
| Yes | 262 | 252 | (96.2) | 10 | (3.8) | 267 | 254 | (95.1) | 13 | (4.9) | 266 | (99.6) | 1 | (0.4) | |||
| Anxiolytic | |||||||||||||||||
| No | 45728 | 44598 | (97.5) | 1130 | (2.5) | 0.9003 | 46089 | 43148 | (93.6) | 2941 | (6.4) | 0.2469 | 45604 | (99.0) | 485 | (1.1) | 0.6039 |
| Yes | 2830 | 2759 | (97.5) | 71 | (2.5) | 2858 | 2660 | (93.1) | 198 | (6.9) | 2825 | (98.9) | 33 | (1.2) | |||
| Stabilizer | |||||||||||||||||
| No | 48302 | 47116 | (97.5) | 1186 | (2.5) | 0.0005 | 48690 | 45574 | (93.6) | 3116 | (6.4) | 0.0961 | 48178 | (99.0) | 512 | (1.1) | 0.0450 |
| Yes | 256 | 241 | (94.1) | 15 | (5.9) | 257 | 234 | (91.1) | 23 | (9.0) | 251 | (97.7) | 6 | (2.3) | |||
| Psychotherapy | |||||||||||||||||
| None | 29408 | 28710 | (97.6) | 698 | (2.4) | 0.0212 | 29653 | 27842 | (93.9) | 1811 | (6.1) | < .0001 | 29381 | (99.1) | 272 | (0.9) | < .0001 |
| Personal therapy | 18530 | 18053 | (97.4) | 477 | (2.6) | 18668 | 17410 | (93.3) | 1258 | (6.7) | 18432 | (98.7) | 236 | (1.3) | |||
| Group therapy | 512 | 491 | (95.9) | 21 | (4.1) | 518 | 460 | (88.8) | 58 | (11.2) | 513 | (99.0) | 5 | (1.0) | |||
| Others | 108 | 103 | (95.4) | 5 | (4.6) | 108 | 96 | (88.9) | 12 | (11.1) | 103 | (95.4) | 5 | (4.6) | |||
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | |||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 33010 | 32177 | (97.5) | 833 | (2.5) | 0.3346 | 33223 | 31622 | (95.2) | 1601 | (4.8) | < .0001 | 32895 | (99.0) | 328 | (1.0) | 0.0155 |
| 1 | 5419 | 5288 | (97.6) | 131 | (2.4) | 5478 | 4968 | (90.7) | 510 | (9.3) | 5420 | (98.9) | 58 | (1.1) | |||
| 2 | 6559 | 6419 | (97.9) | 140 | (2.1) | 6621 | 6120 | (92.4) | 501 | (7.6) | 6541 | (98.8) | 80 | (1.2) | |||
| 3 | 2553 | 2482 | (97.2) | 71 | (2.8) | 2594 | 2251 | (86.8) | 343 | (13.2) | 2551 | (98.3) | 43 | (1.7) | |||
| 4+ | 1017 | 991 | (97.4) | 26 | (2.6) | 1031 | 847 | (82.2) | 184 | (17.9) | 1022 | (99.1) | 9 | (0.9) | |||
| Type of medical institution | |||||||||||||||||
| Tertiary hospital | 12797 | 12163 | (95.1) | 634 | (5.0) | < .0001 | 12941 | 11859 | (91.6) | 1082 | (8.4) | < .0001 | 12721 | (98.3) | 220 | (1.7) | < .0001 |
| Secondary hospital | 3514 | 3357 | (95.5) | 157 | (4.5) | 3567 | 3250 | (91.1) | 317 | (8.9) | 3523 | (98.8) | 44 | (1.2) | |||
| Primary clinic | 32247 | 31837 | (98.7) | 410 | (1.3) | 32439 | 30699 | (94.6) | 1740 | (5.4) | 32185 | (99.2) | 254 | (0.8) | |||
| Total | 48558 | 47357 | (97.5) | 1201 | (2.5) | 48947 | 45808 | (93.6) | 3139 | (6.4) | 48429 | (98.9) | 518 | (1.1) | |||