Table 2. Factors associated with hospital admissions, all-cause mortality, and suicide mortality.
| Admission* | All-cause* | Suicide* | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | |||||||
| COC measure | ||||||||||||
| Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Medium | 0.30 | (0.19 | - | 0.47) | 1.16 | (0.68 | - | 1.98) | 0.74 | (0.34 | - | 1.61) |
| High | 0.14 | (0.09 | - | 0.21) | 1.14 | (0.67 | - | 1.94) | 0.35 | (0.16 | - | 0.74) |
| Outpatient visits | ||||||||||||
| Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| High | 2.04 | (1.66 | - | 2.50) | 1.06 | (0.96 | - | 1.16) | 1.51 | (1.14 | - | 1.99) |
| Diagnosis | ||||||||||||
| Unipolar disorder | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Bipolar disorder | 3.56 | (2.99 | - | 4.23) | 1.31 | (1.11 | - | 1.54) | 1.40 | (0.99 | - | 1.99) |
| Age | ||||||||||||
| 20–39 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| 40–59 | 0.80 | (0.70 | - | 0.92) | 2.10 | (1.80 | - | 2.46) | 1.18 | (0.94 | - | 1.48) |
| 60–79 | 0.74 | (0.63 | - | 0.87) | 10.49 | (9.08 | - | 12.12) | 1.69 | (1.33 | - | 2.15) |
| 80 or above | 0.72 | (0.49 | - | 1.07) | 48.45 | (41.24 | - | 56.93) | 2.08 | (1.23 | - | 3.53) |
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Men | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Women | 1.09 | (0.96 | - | 1.23) | 0.45 | (0.42 | - | 0.48) | 0.42 | (0.35 | - | 0.50) |
| Income | ||||||||||||
| Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Middle | 1.21 | (1.04 | - | 1.40) | 0.86 | (0.78 | - | 0.94) | 1.09 | (0.88 | - | 1.35) |
| High | 1.23 | (1.05 | - | 1.44) | 0.83 | (0.76 | - | 0.91) | 0.95 | (0.75 | - | 1.19) |
| Region | ||||||||||||
| Seoul | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Urban | 1.03 | (0.87 | - | 1.23) | 1.13 | (1.01 | - | 1.25) | 1.02 | (0.79 | - | 1.34) |
| Rural | 1.09 | (0.93 | - | 1.26) | 1.06 | (0.96 | - | 1.16) | 1.08 | (0.86 | - | 1.35) |
| Antidepressant | ||||||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Yes | 0.69 | (0.53 | - | 0.89) | 0.82 | (0.71 | - | 0.96) | 0.70 | (0.47 | - | 1.06) |
| Antipsychotic | ||||||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Yes | 0.64 | (0.33 | - | 1.23) | 0.59 | (0.34 | - | 1.02) | 0.24 | (0.03 | - | 1.71) |
| Anxiolytic | ||||||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Yes | 0.86 | (0.67 | - | 1.10) | 0.94 | (0.81 | - | 1.08) | 0.98 | (0.68 | - | 1.41) |
| Stabilizer | ||||||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Yes | 0.92 | (0.53 | - | 1.61) | 1.54 | (1.02 | - | 2.32) | 1.53 | (0.67 | - | 3.47) |
| Psychotherapy | ||||||||||||
| None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Personal therapy | 0.99 | (0.88 | - | 1.12) | 0.98 | (0.91 | - | 1.06) | 1.17 | (0.98 | - | 1.39) |
| Group therapy | 2.03 | (1.29 | - | 3.20) | 1.45 | (1.11 | - | 1.88) | 1.06 | (0.44 | - | 2.58) |
| Others† | 1.46 | (0.58 | - | 3.69) | 1.21 | (0.68 | - | 2.14) | 4.15 | (1.70 | - | 10.13) |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | ||||||||||||
| 0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| 1 | 0.91 | (0.75 | - | 1.11) | 1.16 | (1.05 | - | 1.28) | 0.92 | (0.69 | - | 1.22) |
| 2 | 0.85 | (0.70 | - | 1.02) | 0.97 | (0.88 | - | 1.08) | 1.03 | (0.80 | - | 1.33) |
| 3 | 1.11 | (0.86 | - | 1.44) | 1.29 | (1.14 | - | 1.45) | 1.25 | (0.89 | - | 1.75) |
| 4+ | 1.10 | (0.73 | - | 1.65) | 1.50 | (1.29 | - | 1.76) | 0.67 | (0.34 | - | 1.30) |
| Type of medical institution | ||||||||||||
| Tertiary hospital | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Secondary hospital | 0.94 | (0.78 | - | 1.13) | 1.08 | (0.95 | - | 1.23) | 0.78 | (0.56 | - | 1.10) |
| Primary clinic | 0.28 | (0.25 | - | 0.32) | 0.73 | (0.68 | - | 0.79) | 0.53 | (0.44 | - | 0.64) |
| Year | 0.96 | (0.95 | - | 0.98) | - | - | ||||||
*Adjusted for frequency of outpatient visits, age, sex, income, region, antidepressant, antipsychotic, anxiolytic, stabilizer, treatment type, CCI, year, medical institution type, and disease type
†Other psychotherapy includes continuous sleep therapy and psychiatric social work