Table 6.

Multivariable regression models examining the effects of specific exposures on selected dental and periodontitis-related outcomes

Variables		Periodontal outcome measures
		Continuous													Categorical
		Number of teeth			Proportion of teeth/person with:										Moderate/severe vs. mild/no (CDC/AAP)
					PD ≥ 4mm			PD ≥ 6mm	CAL ≥ 3mm			CAL ≥ 5mm
		(N = 1,130)			(N = 868)				(N = 868)			(N = 868)			(N = 860)
		Linear regression			β regression			Zero - inflation	β regression			β regression			Logistic regression
		coef.	(95% CI)	p-value	coef.	(95% CI)	p-value		coef.	(95% CI)	p-value	coef.	(95% CI)	p-value	aOR	(95% CI)	p-value
Age	65–69y		ref				ref			Not reported (mentioned under results section)		ref				ref				ref
	70–74y	−1.1	(−2.4 to −0.2)	0.095	−0.08	(−0.27 to 0.11)	0.398	−0.26	(−0.46 to −0.06)		0.011	−0.10	(−0.30 to 0.10)	0.338	0.9	(0.6 to 1.3)	0.526
	75–79y	−3.2	(−4.8 to −1.6)	<0.001	−0.19	(−0.43 to 0.06)	0.131	−0.33	(−0.58 to −0.08)		0.010	−0.07	(−0.32 to 0.18)	0.570	0.7	(0.4 to 1.1)	0.143
	>80y	−4.4	(−5.9 to −2.9)	<0.001	0.01	(−0.23 to 0.24)	0.960	−0.40	(−0.64 to −0.15)		0.001	0.16	(−0.08 to 0.40)	0.196	1.0	(0.6 to 1.7)	0.975
Gender	Male	ref			ref			ref				ref			ref
	Female	0.6	(−0.5 to 1.7)	0.260	−0.29	(−0.46 to −0.13)	<0.001	−0.29	(−0.46 to −0.12)		0.001	−0.40	(−0.57 to −0.23)	<0.001	0.4	(0.3 to 0.6)	<0.001
Race / Ethnicity	White	ref			ref			ref				ref			ref
	Black	−5.4	(−6.9 to −3.9)	<0.001	0.20	(−0.02 to 0.42)	0.076	0.07	(−0.16 to 0.29)		0.563	0.28	(0.06 to 0.51)	0.013	0.9	(0.6 to 1.5)	0.677
	Hispanic	−6.0	(−7.6 to −4.3)	<0.001	0.18	(−0.07 to 0.43)	0.159	0.14	(−0.11 to 0.40)		0.274	0.32	(0.06 to 0.57)	0.014	1.5	(0.8 to 2.6)	0.195
	Other	−2.5	(−6.6 to 1.6)	0.240	0.13	(−0.15 to 0.41)	0.666	0.38	(−0.25 to 1.00)		0.239	0.04	(−0.58 to 0.66)	0.901	0.7	(0.2 to 2.6)	0.638
Educational attainment	Low	ref			ref			ref				ref			ref
	Middle	1.5	(0.1 to 2.9)	0.034	0.01	(−0.20 to 0.21)	0.947	−0.12	(−0.34 to 0.09)		0.254	−0.11	(−0.33 to 0.10)	0.310	1.0	(0.6 to 1.6)	0.870
	High	3.4	(1.6 to 5.3)	<0.001	0.13	(−0.15 to 0.41)	0.362	−0.20	(−0.48 to 0.09)		0.170	−0.08	(−0.36 to 0.20)	0.587	0.9	(0.5 to 1.7)	0.703
Smoking status	Never	ref			ref			ref				ref			ref
	Fomer	−1.4	(−2.4 to −0.3)	0.011	−0.01	(−0.16 to 0.16)	0.987	−0.07	(−0.23 to 0.09)		0.395	0.01	(−0.15 to 0.17)	0.908	1.2	(0.8 to 1.7)	0.439
	Current	−5.4	(−7.3 to −3.5)	<0.001	−0.03	(−0.33 to 0.26)	0.829	0.11	(−0.19 to 0.42)		0.471	0.28	(−0.02 to 0.59)	0.071	1.8	(0.9 to 3.8)	0.109
Diabetes mellitus (vs. no diabetes)		−1.0	(−2.2 to 0.1)	0.074	0.14	(−0.03 to 0.32)	0.112	0.14	(−0.04 to 0.32)		0.131	0.18	(0.00 to 0.36)	0.053	1.1	(0.7 to 1.7)	0.574
Cognitive decline (vs. none)		−1.0	(−2.4 to −0.3)	0.123	0.08	(−0.13 to 0.29)	0.455	0.13	(−0.08 to 0.35)		0.229	0.14	(−0.07 to 0.36)	0.199	0.8	(0.5 to 1.4)	0.468
Heart disease (any vs. none)		−1.0	(−2.2 to 2.7)	0.124	−0.14	(−0.33 to 0.05)	0.157	−0.20	(−0.40 to 0.00)		0.050	−0.11	(−0.31 to 0.09)	0.282	1.0	(0.7 to 1.6)	0.875
Arthritis (vs. none)		−1.5	(−2.6 to −0.4)	0.008	−0.08	(−0.25 to 0.08)	0.315	0.02	(−0.15 to 0.19)		0.791	−0.08	(−0.25 to 0.09)	0.342	0.9	(0.7 to 1.4)	0.782
Last dental visit within 12months (vs. > 12 months prior)		5.1	(4.0 to 6.1)	<0.001	−0.04	(−0.21 to 0.13)	0.651	−0.12	(−0.30 to 0.05)		0.173	−0.22	(−0.40 to −0.05)	0.013	1.1	(0.8 to 1.7)	0.457

aOR = Adjusted Odds Ratio