Table 2.
Substances detected in the analytical investigation of serum or urine along with α-PBP (n = 43). Patients testing positive for substances related to treatment confirmed by medical records and consultation notes are excluded
| Additional substances | N | % of cases |
|---|---|---|
| Alpha-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (α-PVP) | 25 | 58 |
| Ethanol (including ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate) | 16 | 37 |
| Amphetamine | 12 | 28 |
| Tetrahydrocannabinoid (THC) | 11 | 26 |
| Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) | 9 | 21 |
| Alpha-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (α-PPP) | 7 | 16 |
| Pregabalin | 7 | 16 |
| Diazepam/oxazepam | 7 | 16 |
| Buprenorphine | 7 | 16 |
| 3-/4-MeO-PCP | 6 | 14 |
| Alprazolam (4-hydroxyalprazolam) | 6 | 14 |
| Pentylone | 5 | 12 |
| Clonazepam (7-amino-clonazepam) | 4 | 9 |
| Morphine/morphine alkaloids | 4 | 9 |
| Methadone | 4 | 9 |
| 4-Fluoro-α-PVP | 3 | 7 |
| MDMA/MDA | 3 | 7 |
| Codeine | 3 | 7 |
| 3-/4-Methylmethcathinone (3-MMC, 4-MMC) | 2 | 5 |
| Tramadol | 2 | 5 |
| Butylone | 2 | 5 |
| Bupropion | 2 | 5 |
| Methiopropamine | 2 | 5 |
| 4-Methylethylcathinone (4-MEC) | 2 | 5 |
| Dextromethorphan | 2 | 5 |
| Flubromazepam | 2 | 5 |
| N-Ethylbuphedrone (NEB) | 2 | 5 |
| Butyrfentanyl | 2 | 5 |
| 5-MeO-MiPT | 2 | 5 |
| 5-MeO-NiPT | 2 | 5 |
| Lorazepam | 2 | 5 |
| Methylphenidate (including ritalinic acid) | 2 | 5 |
| Nitrazepam (7-aminonitrazepam) | 2 | 5 |
| Pentedrone | 1 | 2 |
| Midazolam (4-hydroxymidazolam) | 1 | 2 |
| Alpha-pyrrolidinohexiophenone (α-PHP) | 1 | 2 |
| Alpha-pyrrolidinopentiothiophenone (α-PVT) | 1 | 2 |
| 4-Fluoroamphetamine (4-FA) | 1 | 2 |
| 4-Fluoro-PV8 | 1 | 2 |
| Methamphetamine | 1 | 2 |
| 2-Fluoroamphetamine (2-FA) | 1 | 2 |
| PV8 | 1 | 2 |
| 2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB) | 1 | 2 |
| 3-/4-Fluoromethcathinone (3/4-FMC) | 1 | 2 |
| MT-45 | 1 | 2 |
| 4-Ethylmethcathinone (4-EMC) | 1 | 2 |
| Mephedrone | 1 | 2 |
| Meclonazepam | 1 | 2 |
| 25C-NBOMe | 1 | 2 |
| Fentanyl | 1 | 2 |
| 3C-P | 1 | 2 |
| Methoxphenidine | 1 | 2 |
| Pyrovalerone | 1 | 2 |