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. 2018 Nov 19;8:16979. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-35354-y

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Optical characterization of the NaYF₄ NPs. (a) OTN-NIR emission spectra of NaYF₄ NPs obtained at 25, 37, and 46 °C under 980-nm excitation. (b) Normalized PL intensity of Ho³⁺ and Er³⁺. (c) Calibration curve of the NaYF₄ NPs of the relationship between I_Ho/I_Er ratio and temperature. (d) Relative thermal sensitivity and (e) temperature uncertainty as functions of temperature for the NaYF₄ NPs. The NPs were dispersed in cyclohexane at a concentration of 11 mg/mL. The laser power was 4.22 W.