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. 2018 Nov 19;8:16979. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-35354-y

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Temperature-dependent OTN-NIR emission spectra of NaYF₄ NPs recorded using biological tissues (skin and/or peritoneal muscle). (a) Schematic representation of the biological tissues used for obtaining the emission spectra. Tissue samples were placed between two glass slides, with the gap maintained at 880 (skin) or 1330 μm (skin + peritoneal muscle). (b) Schematic illustration of recording temperature-dependent emission spectra with biological tissues. The tissue samples were placed between the cuvette and detector of the spectrometer. (c) Comparison of the luminescence intensity of the NaYF₄ NPs only (control) vs. that with skin + peritoneal muscle and (d) enlarged view of c. (e) Comparison of the LIR of the NaYF₄ NPs (control, skin, and skin + peritoneal muscle). (f) Comparison of the relative thermal sensitivity (S_R) and (g) the temperature uncertainty for NaYF₄ NPs using skin and peritoneal muscle. The NPs were dispersed in cyclohexane at a concentration of 30 mg/mL. The laser power was 4.22 W.