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. 2018 Nov 19;8:17035. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-34766-0

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Characterization of a prototypical shifter: a ligand-receptor reaction. (A) Ligand-Receptor scheme, ligand binds free receptor reversibly with rate constants k_on and k_off. (B) Output (C, ligand-receptor complex) vs. time, for different values of input (color-coded using a heat-map scale). Circles over the curves mark output at time τ (time at which output is 63.2% of its steady-state value). (C) Input-output curves obtained at different times (color-coded using a heat-map scale). Circles mark the EC₅₀. (D) τ vs. input. (E) EC₅₀ (red) and n_H (green) vs. time.