Table 1.
Calculated averages [mean (SE), including all 12 subjects] during each protocol phase for the 8 CV variables recorded during the centrifuge runs.
| AG | Phase | HR (bpm) | SV (mL) | CO (L/min) | PP (mmHg) | SBP (mmHg) | DBP (mmHg) | MAP (mmHg) | TPR (PRU) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0G | BL | 62.6 (2.8) | 94.8 (4.4) | 5.9 (0.3) | 42.7 (2.1) | 118.0 (3.2) | 75.3 (1.8) | 92.7 (2.1) | 0.98 (0.06) |
| 0 W | 63.5b,c,d (3.0) | 96.5 (4.3) | 6.1b,c,d (0.3) | 44.3c,d (2.1) | 119.6b,c,d (3.1) | 75.3b,c,d (1.7) | 93.1b,c,d (2.2) | 0.96b,c,d (0.06) | |
| 25 W | 98.1a,c,d (2.7) | 97.1§,c (5.3) | 9.4§,a,c,d (0.4) | 49.0c,d (1.9) | 134.3a,c,d (3.8) | 85.3a,d (3.4) | 103.6a,c,d (3.4) | 0.68a,c,d (0.04) | |
| 50 W | 111.0a,b,d (3.4) | 102.8§,b (5.2) | 11.3§,a,b,d (0.5) | 55.4a,b,d (2.6) | 143.2a,b,d (4.6) | 87.9a,d (3.2) | 108.3a,b,d (3.4) | 0.59a,b,d (0.04) | |
| 100 W | 141.6‡,a,b,c (4.8) | 102.7§ (5.2) | 14.3§,a,b,c (0.5) | 62.0a,b,c (1.9) | 159.0a,b,c (3.9) | 97.0‡,§,a,b,c (3.4) | 121.1‡,a,b,c (3.6) | 0.52a,b,c (0.03) | |
| 1G | BL | 64.1 (2.6) | 96.2 (4.0) | 6.1 (0.3) | 43.4 (2.0) | 116.6 (1.9) | 73.2 (1.2) | 90.4 (1.4) | 0.93 (0.07) |
| 0 W | 64.5§,b,c,d (2.7) | 91.0c,d (4.5) | 5.8§,b,c,d (0.4) | 42.4c,d (2.6) | 116.5b,c,d (3.4) | 74.2b,c,d (2.0) | 90.5b,c,d (2.4) | 0.98b,c,d (0.07) | |
| 25 W | 97.0§,a,c,d (3.0) | 98.8c,d (6.0) | 9.5§,a,c,d (0.6) | 48.2c,d (3.1) | 128.1a,c,d (3.9) | 80.0a (2.5) | 98.6a,d (3.0) | 0.66a,c,d (0.05) | |
| 50 W | 110.3§,a,b,d (3.6) | 110.5a,b (5.5) | 12.1a,b,d (0.7) | 57.4a,b,d (2.8) | 138.1a,b,d (4.1) | 80.7a,d (2.1) | 101.8a,d (3.1) | 0.53a,b,d (0.04) | |
| 100 W | 138.1†,a,b,c (5.1) | 114.8a,b (5.0) | 15.8a,b,c (0.8) | 65.0a,b,c (2.9) | 151.0a,b,c (5.0) | 86.0†,a,c (2.8) | 110.7†,a,b,c (3.7) | 0.44a,b,c (0.03) | |
| 1.4G | BL | 64.9 (2.9) | 101.0 (3.4) | 6.5 (0.3) | 47.6 (1.7) | 123.4 (2.8) | 75.8 (1.9) | 94.4 (2.1) | 0.90 (0.05) |
| 0 W | 69.3∗,‡,b,c,d (3.4) | 98.2b,c,d (4.1) | 6.7‡,b,c,d (0.4) | 47.2b,c,d (2.2) | 121.7b,c,d (3.4) | 74.5b,c,d (2.5) | 92.8b,c,d (2.8) | 0.86b,c,d (0.05) | |
| 25 W | 101.6‡,a,c,d (3.7) | 107.9†,a,c,d (4.1) | 10.9†,‡,a,c,d (0.4) | 54.9a,c,d (1.8) | 136.6a,c,d (3.3) | 81.7a (2.7) | 103.2a (3.2) | 0.59a,c,d (0.04) | |
| 50 W | 114.4‡,a,b,d (4.1) | 115.5†,a,b (5.1) | 13.2†,a,b,d (0.6) | 66.3a,b (3.2) | 151.0a,b (4.8) | 84.7a (2.2) | 108.1a (3.0) | 0.52a,b,d (0.03) | |
| 100 W | 140.2a,b,c (5.0) | 120.3†,a,b (5.9) | 16.7†,a,b,c (0.7) | 71.5a,b (3.0) | 158.7a,b (5.7) | 87.2†,a (3.2) | 113.8a (4.2) | 0.44a,b,c (0.04) | |
Cardiovascular variables: HR, heart rate (beats per minute); SV, stroke volume (mL); CO, cardiac output (L/min); PP, pulse pressure (mmHg); SBP, systolic blood pressure (mmHg); DBP, diastolic blood pressure (mmHg); MAP, mean arterial pressure (mmHg); TPR, total peripheral resistance (Peripheral Resistance Units, PRU = mmHg/mL/s). Protocol phases: BL, baseline (no exercise or AG); 0 W, centrifugation alone; 25 W, exercise at 25 W and AG; 50 W, exercise at 50 W and AG; 100 W, exercise at 100 W and AG.
Values are means (SE).
∗Different from baseline (paired sample t-test with Bonferroni correction alpha = 0.05/3 = 0.017).
†Different from 0 G; ‡Different from 1 G, § Different from 1.4 G, all within the same workload levels. (Simple main effects from two-way repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni correction).
aDifferent from 0 W; bDifferent from 25 W, cDifferent from 50 W, dDifferent from 100 W, all within the same AG level. (Simple main effects from two-way repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni correction).