Table 1.

Overview of schemas subsumed in schema domains and associated needs according to Young (1994, 1999).

Schema	Examples for content	Domain	Associated needs
• Failure to achieve	Inability to meet desired goals	Impaired autonomy, achievement	• Autonomy
• Dependence/incompetence	Inability to cope without support from others		• Competency
• Vulnerability to harm or illness	Inability to control the threat of disaster		• Identity
• Enmeshment/undeveloped self	Emotional over involvement with others due to fear that one will not cope without them
• Entitlement/grandiosity	One can act without considering others	Impaired limits	• Realistic limits and self-control
• Insufficient self-control	One cannot or need not control impulses and feelings
• Emotional deprivation • Abandonment/instability • Mistrust/abuse • Social isolation/alienation • Defectiveness/shame	Belief that one’s emotional needs will not be satisfied Danger that others will hurt/manipulate/take advantage of one Perceiving oneself as different and isolated from others Perceived defects that make one unlovable and inferior	Disconnection	• Secure attachment • Acceptance • Nurturing • Protection
• Subjugation • Self-sacrifice • Approval-seeking	Others’ desires are perceived as more important than one’s own One should focus on others’ needs, rather than one’s own	Other-directedness	• Free expression of needs and emotions
• Emotional inhibition • Unrelenting standards • Negativity/pessimism • Punitiveness	Emotional expression/experience leads to aversive consequences One should strive to achieve impossible goals	Exaggerated vigilance, inhibition	• Spontaneity and play