Fig. 1.

Strategy to engineer S. cerevisiae–E. coli endosymbiont chimera. (A) Wild-type S. cerevisiae can grow on medium with glucose or glycerol due to ATP production by glycolysis in the cytoplasm and oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. (B) Yeast cells with a defect in oxidative phosphorylation cannot utilize glycerol for ATP synthesis and cannot grow in the absence of glucose. Introduction of E. coli-expressing ADP/ATP translocase and SNARE proteins into such mutant yeast can restore yeast growth with glycerol as the sole carbon source. Growth of intracellular E. coli is dependent on thiamin diphosphate (vitamin B1) provided by yeast. ER, endoplasmic reticulum; G, Golgi apparatus; M, mitochondria; N, nucleus; V, vacuole.