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. 2018 Nov 20;8:17061. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-34736-6

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Biplots of the principal component (PC) analysis of soil characteristics by fallow types (forest fallow, short fallow and cropping conditions) and sampling depths (0–10 cm and 10–20 cm). (a,b) Forest fallow, (c,d) short fallow, and (e,f) cropping fields with the two sampling depths (Depth 1, 0–10 cm; Depth 2, 10–20 cm). Tko, Typic Kandiudox; Tku, Typic Kandiudult; Rku, Rhodic Kandiudult; soil-pH, pH measured in soil suspension; soil-N, nitrogen content; soil-C, carbon content; soil-Mg, magnesium content; soil-Al, aluminium content; soil-K, potassium content; soil-Ca, calcium content; soil-Pi, inorganic phosphate content in soil.