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. 2018 Nov 20;9:4893. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-07383-8

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Effects of background illumination. a Pulsed external quantum efficiency recorded under varying levels of background illumination provided by a λ = 660 nm laser. b Under illumination, the slope of the DC current–voltage characteristic increases in the diode-like exponential region. c Ideality factor calculated for both the DC current (η) and electroluminescence (η_EL) as described in the text. Background illumination causes η to decrease toward η_EL, reflecting a reduction in trap-mediated recombination