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. 2018 Nov 20;8:17129. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-35471-8

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic illustration of the wash-free, label-free electrochemical detection scheme. (A) In the absence of the target antigen, a large electrochemical signal is generated due to fast EC redox cycling between the redox species and the electrode surface. (B) In the presence of the target antigen, an insulator layer comprised of the antigen-antibody complex is formed on the electrode surface, which hinders electron transfer to the sensor surface, thereby diminishing the electrochemical signal.