. 2018 Oct 21;44(11):1777–1786. doi: 10.1007/s00134-018-5227-4

Table 2.

Characteristics and outcomes of patients who received mechanical ventilation for > 48 h

Variable	Pre-intervention period	Intervention period	Post-intervention period
Sessions of mechanical ventilation	318	507	437
Total ventilator-days	3128	4234	3463
Ventilator-days at risk	2667	3920	3381
Total VAP episodes	67	45	13
First VAP episodes	64 (20.1%)	43 (8.5%)^a	13(3%)^b,c,d
Early onset	25 (39.1%)	22 (51.2%)	4 (30.8%)
Late onset	39 (60.9%)	21 (48.8%)	9 (69.2%)
Diagnosed by bronchoalveolar lavage	10 (15.6%)	6 (14%)	4 (30.8%)
Diagnosed by mini-bronchoalveolar lavage	34 (53.1%)	34 (79.1%)^a	7 (53.8%)^d
Probable	28 (43.8%)	5 (11.6%)^a	2 (15.4%)^d
Definite	36 (56.2%)	38 (88.4%)	11 (84.6%)
Total VAP incidence density rates per 1000 ventilator-days at risk (95% CI)	21.4 (16.3–26.6)	10.6 (7.5–13.7)^a	3.8 (1.7–5.8)^b,c,d
First VAP incidence density rates per 1000 ventilator-days at risk (95% CI)	24.0 (18.1–29.9)	11.0 (7.7–14.2)^a	3.9 (1.8–5.9)^b,c,d
First probable VAP incidence density rates per 1000 ventilator-days at risk (95% CI)	10.5 (6.6–14.4)	1.3 (0.2–2.4)	0.6 (− 0.2 to 1.4)
First definite VAP incidence density rates per 1000 ventilator-days at risk (95% CI)	13.5 (9.1–17.9)	9.7 (6.6–12.8)	3.3 (1.3–5.2)
Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score for VAP episodes, median (IQR)	8 (7–9)	8 (7–9)	8 (7–8)
Duration of mechanical ventilation for all mechanical ventilation sessions, median days (IQR)	7.14 (4.61–11.06)	6.50 (4.17–9.85)^a	6.35 (4.15–9.74)^{c, d}

Data are no. (%) of patients, unless otherwise indicated

CI confidence interval, IQR interquartile range, VAP ventilator-associated pneumonia

^aSignificant P value between the pre-intervention and intervention periods

^bSignificant P value between the intervention and post-intervention periods

^cSignificant P value between the pre-intervention and post-intervention periods

^dSignificant P value between the three periods