Table 2.

Multivariable adjusted^a association of PFAS with stage of kidney function, stratified by diabetes status, OR (95% CI)

Characteristics	Diabetic population	Non-diabetic population
PFHxS
<30, mL/min/1.73 m2	Ref	Ref
30–44, mL/min/1.73 m2	2.05 (1.57–2.68)	2.30 (1.83–2.90)
45–59, mL/min/1.73 m2	2.68 (2.07–3.47)	2.37 (1.87–2.84)
60–89, mL/min/1.73 m2	2.77 (2.16–3.56)	2.29 (1.86–2.81)
≥90, mL/min/1.73 m2	2.49 (1.92–3.23)	2.07 (1.69–2.55)
PFOA
<30, mL/min/1.73 m2	Ref	Ref
30–44, mL/min/1.73 m2	1.48 (1.23–1.80)	1.69 (1.44–2.00)
45–59, mL/min/1.73 m2	1.47 (1.23–1.76)	1.70 (1.46–1.98)
60–89, mL/min/1.73 m2	1.56 (1.31–1.89)	1.71 (1.47–1.99)
≥90, mL/min/1.73 m2	1.57 (1.31–1.90)	1.66 (1.42–1.93)
PFOS
<30, mL/min/1.73 m2	Ref	Ref
30–44, mL/min/1.73 m2	1.90 (1.54–2.35)	2.47 (2.04–3.00)
45–59, mL/min/1.73 m2	2.34 (1.92–2.87)	2.36 (2.02–2.75)
60–89, mL/min/1.73 m2	2.51 (2.07–3.03)	2.12 (1.83–2.44)
≥90, mL/min/1.73 m2	2.32 (1.90–2.84)	1.78 (1.54–2.06)
PFNA
<30, mL/min/1.73 m2	Ref	Ref
30–44, mL/min/1.73 m2	3.08 (2.10–4.54)	4.04 (2.94–5.54)
45–59, mL/min/1.73 m2	3.27 (2.28–4.68)	3.58 (2.71–4.73)
60–89, mL/min/1.73 m2	3.74 (2.63–5.31)	3.16 (2.41–4.15)
≥90, mL/min/1.73 m2	3.90 (2.70–5.65)	2.64 (2.10–3.48)

Notes:

^aAnalyses adjusted for age, sex, BMI, HDLc, LDLc, white blood cell count, CRP, hemoglobin, and iron.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CRP, C-reactive protein; HDLc, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDLc, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PFAS, perfluoroalkyl acids; PFHxS, perfluorohexane sulfonate; PFNA, perfluorononanoic acid; PFOA, perfluorooctanoic acid; PFOS, perfluorooctane sulfonate.