Table 3.
Multivariable adjusteda association of PFAS with stage of kidney function, stratified by diabetes and anemia status, OR (95% CI)
| Characteristics | Diabetic population | Non-diabetic population | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anemia | No anemia | Anemia | No anemia | |
| PFHxS | ||||
| <30, mL/min/1.73 m2 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 30–44, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 1.99 (1.38–2.86) | 2.15 (1.42–3.27) | 1.69 (1.17–2.44) | 2.71 (2.02–3.65) |
| 45–59, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 3.18 (2.17–4.67) | 2.66 (1.79–3.95) | 1.73 (1.23–2.44) | 2.66 (2.02–3.49) |
| 60–89, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 2.64 (1.83–3.80) | 2.89 (1.97–4.24) | 1.72 (1.25–2.36) | 2.63 (2.01–3.45) |
| ≥90, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 3.20 (2.00–5.13) | 2.55 (1.73–3.77) | 1.80 (1.29–2.52) | 2.37 (1.81–3.11) |
| PFOA | ||||
| <30, mL/min/1.73 m2 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 30–44, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 1.28 (0.99–1.65) | 1.83 (1.34–2.50) | 1.60 (1.24–2.06) | 1.72 (1.37–2.15) |
| 45–59, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 1.33 (1.04–1.70) | 1.75 (1.30–2.35) | 1.74 (1.37–2.21) | 1.69 (1.37–2.10) |
| 60–89, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 1.41 (1.11–1.80) | 1.84 (1.37–2.47) | 1.53 (1.22–1.91) | 1.72 (1.39–2.12) |
| ≥90, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 1.79 (1.33–2.42) | 1.82 (1.36–2.46) | 1.59 (1.26–2.02) | 1.67 (1.35–2.06) |
| PFOS | ||||
| <30, mL/min/1.73 m2 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 30–44, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 2.20 (1.58–3.07) | 1.74 (1.31–2.34) | 1.98 (1.42–2.74) | 2.77 (2.17–3.53) |
| 45–59, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 2.47 (1.78–3.43) | 2.33 (1.77–3.06) | 2.08 (1.54–2.80) | 2.49 (2.05–3.02) |
| 60–89, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 2.27 (1.68–3.07) | 2.58 (1.99–3.34) | 1.82 (1.42–2.33) | 2.24 (1.86–2.69) |
| ≥90, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 2.83 (1.88–4.26) | 2.33 (1.78–3.05) | 2.09 (1.58–2.77) | 1.86 (1.54–2.24) |
| PFNA | ||||
| <30, mL/min/1.73 m2 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 30–44, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 3.16 (1.86–5.37) | 3.17 (1.74–5.80) | 3.23 (1.92–5.44) | 4.31 (2.87–6.49) |
| 45–59, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 3.30 (1.98–5.47) | 3.49 (2.00–6.11) | 2.73 (1.70–4.38) | 3.82 (2.66–5.50) |
| 60–89, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 3.33 (2.03–5.47) | 4.13 (2.40–7.13) | 2.49 (1.61–3.85) | 3.36 (2.35–4.81) |
| ≥90, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 4.38 (2.28–8.42) | 4.25 (2.44–7.43) | 2.59 (1.62–4.16) | 2.79 (1.95–4.00) |
Notes:
a
Analyses adjusted for age, sex, BMI, HDLc, LDLc, white blood cell count, CRP, hemoglobin, and iron.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CRP, C-reactive protein; HDLc, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDLc, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PFAS, perfluoroalkyl acids; PFHxS, perfluorohexane sulfonate; PFNA, perfluorononanoic acid; PFOA, perfluorooctanoic acid; PFOS, perfluorooctane sulfonate.