Table 3.
Specific pharmacokinetic characteristics of drugs based on the classification of nanomedicines
| Formulations | API | Techniques | Administration routes | PK properties | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dendrimer | Doxorubicin | Polylysine dendrimer | IV | Increase of systemic exposure, accumulation in tumor cells | |
| Flurbiprofen | Poly(amidoamine) dendrimer | IV | Increase of distribution and retentions in inflammatory sites | ||
| Methotrexate | PEGylated polylysine dendrimer | IV | Prolongation of systemic exposure | ||
| Lactoferrin-conjugated dendrimer | IV | Accumulation in lungs | |||
| Piroxicam | Poly(amidoamine) dendrimer | IV | Prolongation of systemic exposure | ||
| Engineered NPs | Carbendazim | Nanocrystals | PO | Increase of oral F | |
| Cilostazol | Nanocrystals | PO | Increase of oral F | ||
| Curcumin | Nanocrystals | PO | Increase of oral F | ||
| Danazol | Nanocrystals | PO | Increase of oral F | ||
| Diclofenac | SoluMatrix™ fine particle | PO | Rapid absorption, pain relief | ||
| Fenofibrate | Nanocrystals | PO | Increase of oral F | ||
| Indomethacin | SoluMatrix fine particle | PO | Rapid absorption | ||
| Megestrol acetate | Nanocrystals | PO | Increase of oral F | ||
| Nitrendipine | Nanocrystals | PO | Increase of oral F | ||
| Nobiletin | Nanosized amorphous particles | PO | Increase of oral F, liver protective effect | ||
| Tranilast | Nanocrystals | PO | Increase of oral F, rapid absorption | ||
| Inhalable nanocrystalline powders | Lungs | Increase of anti-inflammatory effect in lungs | |||
| Paclitaxel | Albumin nanoparticles | IV | Tumor targeting | ||
| Lipid | Emulsion | Cinnarizine | Self-emulsifying drug delivery | PO | Increase of oral F |
| Coenzyme Q10 | Solid self-emulsifying delivery | PO | Increase of oral F | ||
| Cyclosporin A | Self-emulsifying drug delivery | PO | Increase of oral F | ||
| Inhalable dry emulsions | Lungs | Increase of anti-inflammatory effect in lungs | |||
| Halofantrine | Self-emulsifying drug delivery | PO | Increase of oral F | ||
| Simvastatin | Self-emulsifying drug delivery | PO | Increase of oral F | ||
| Liposomes | Amikacin | Liposome (Phospholipid/Chol) | IV | Increase of half-life | |
| Amphotericin B | Liposome (PC/Chol/DSPG) | IV | Increase of systemic exposure, decrease of RES uptake | ||
| Cytarabine/daunorubicin | Liposome (DSPC/DSPG/Chol) | IV | CL reduction | ||
| Doxorubicin | Liposome, PEGylated liposome | IV | Increase of distribution in tumor cells | ||
| O-palmitoyl tilisolol | Liposome (PC/Chol) | IV | Increase of distribution | ||
| Paclitaxel | Liposome (PC/PG) | IV | Prolongation of systemic exposure | ||
| Prednisolone | Liposome (PC/Chol/10% DSPE-PEG2000) | IV | Prolongation and increase of systemic exposure | ||
| Solid lipid NPs | Azidothymidine | Solid lipid NPs | IV | Increase of permeability and retention time in brain | |
| Clozapine | Solid lipid NPs | IV | Increase of systemic exposure, CL reduction | ||
| Diclofenac Na | Solid-in-oil NPs | Skin | Increase of percutaneous absorption | ||
| Insulin | Lectin-modified solid lipid NPs | PO | Increase of oral F | ||
| Lidocaine | Solid lipid nanoparticles | Skin | Regulation of skin permeability | ||
| Micelles | Camptothecin | Block copolymeric micelles | IV | Increase of systemic exposure | |
| Doxorubicin | Block copolymeric micelles | IV | Increase of systemic exposure, CL reduction | ||
| Paclitaxel | Block copolymeric micelles | IV | Increase of systemic exposure, CL reduction | ||
| Pilocarpine | Block copolymeric micelles | Eyes | Increase of efficacy | ||
| Tranilast | Self-micellizing solid dispersion | PO | Increase of oral F | ||
| Polymeric NPs | Celecoxib | Ethyl cellulose/casein NPs | PO | Increase of oral F | |
| Clotrimazole/econazole | PLGA and alginate NPs | PO | Increase of oral F | ||
| Docetaxel | PLA-PEG NPs | IV | Increase of half-life and anti-cancer effect | ||
| Doxorubicin | PLGA NPs | IV, IP | Increase of half-life, decrease of distribution in heart | ||
| Glucagon | PLGA NPs | Lungs | Increase of half-life, increase of oral F | ||
| Glucagon | PLGA NPs | Lungs | Increase of oral F and half-life | ||
| Insulin | Hydrogel NPs | PO | Increase of oral F | ||
| Rifampicin | PLGA NPs | PO | Increase of oral F | ||
| siRNA | Chitosan analog NPs | PO | Increase of systemic exposure, gene silencing | ||
| VIP derivative | PLGA NPs | Lungs | Anti-inflammatory effect | ||