Table 1.
Changes over time in outcome parameters
| Variable | Baseline (B) | Visit 1 (3 Months) | Visit 2 (6 Months) | P (B-visit 1)a | P (B-visit 2)a |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muscle strength (kg) | |||||
| Bench press | 31.41 ± 11.70 | 31.16 ± 8.27 | 30.05 ± 7.36 | 0.839 | 0.250 |
| Bench pull | 35.95 ± 13.05 | 36.02 ± 9.24 | 34.64 ± 7.87 | 0.943 | 0.189 |
| Leg press | 72.47 ± 25.37 | 78.12 ± 23.77 | 80.85 ± 27.99 | 0.001* | 0.223 |
| Hand Grip | 32.14 ± 7.94 | 33.69 ± 6.72 | 34.36 ± 6.96 | 0.003* | 0.037 |
| Muscle endurance (kg) | |||||
| Bench press | 22.46 ± 6.45 | 22.45 ± 6.45 | 22.73 ± 6.24 | 0.324 | 0.796 |
| Bench pull | 26.45 ± 7.58 | 25.68 ± 8.05 | 25.44 ± 6.51 | 0.175 | 0.763 |
| Leg press | 56.05 ± 21.08 | 58.50 ± 18.65 | 58.63 ± 17.75 | 0.618 | 0.401 |
| Body composition | |||||
| Phase angle (grade) | 5.41 ± 0.62 | 5.36 ± 0.59 | 5.41 ± 0.66 | 0.186 | 0.374 |
| Lean body mass (kg/m2) | 50.03 ± 7.57 | 49.40 ± 7.83 | 49.87 ± 8.14 | 0.673 | 0.682 |
| Fat mass index (kg/m2) | 7.69 ± 4.04 | 7.79 ± 3.82 | 7.55 ± 3.85 | 0.021* | 0.970 |
| PASE (h/week) | |||||
| Total score | 229.44 ± 118.31 | 224.83 ± 117.22 | 236.75 ± 176.14 | 0.357 | 0.074 |
| Strength training | 1.31 ± 2.48 | 1.39 ± 1.64 | 0.67 ± 0.98 | 0.664 | 0.199 |
| MEDIAS categories (%) | 0.092 | 0.982 | |||
| No adherence | 13.4 | 24.3 | 11.3 | ||
| Low adherence | 68.7 | 47.1 | 52.8 | ||
| High adherence | 17.9 | 11.4 | 11.3 | ||
| Missing | 0 | 17.1 | 22.6 | ||
| Protein intake (g/kgBW/day) | 0.38 ± 0.26 | 0.32 ± 0.19 | 0.26 ± 0.16 | 0.041* | 0.004* |
| Plant-based protein intake (g/kgBW/day) | 0.20 ± 0.13 | 0.18 ± 0.11 | 0.16 ± 0.11 | 0.014* | 0.008* |
| Animal-based protein intake (g/kgBW/day) | 0.18 ± 0.22 | 0.14 ± 0.15 | 0.10 ± 0.10 | 0.200 | 0.062 |
| Serum albumin concentration (g/l) | 44.98 ± 2.55 | 44.44 ± 1.98 | 44.37 ± 2.17 | 0.091 | 0.973 |
| WHO-QOL-Bref score | |||||
| Overall health and quality of life | 60.59 ± 12.04 | 60.52 ± 13.82 | 64.05 ± 13.01 | 0.909 | 0.254 |
| Physical domain | 85.44 ± 10.77 | 83.89 ± 13.18 | 86.26 ± 12.81 | 0.444 | 0.534 |
| Psychological domain | 75.98 ± 10.62 | 75.86 ± 13.22 | 77.50 ± 13.56 | 0.880 | 0.867 |
| Social support domain | 55.89 ± 10.07 | 54.02 ± 11.28 | 56.79 ± 10.22 | 0.094 | 0.664 |
| Environmental domain | 84.84 ± 9.39 | 83.65 ± 10.91 | 84.11 ± 10.06 | 0.026* | 0.723 |
| F-Sozu categories (%) | 0.098 | 0.706 | |||
| Very low | 82.1 | 75.7 | 67.9 | ||
| Low | 2.4 | 7.1 | 7.5 | ||
| Normal | 2.4 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Missing | 13.1 | 17.1 | 24.5 | ||
Data are presented as mean (standard deviation) for metric variables and percentage for categorical variables
PASE Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly, WHO-QOL-Bref World Health Organizations Quality of Life Brief, MEDIAS Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener, F-Sozu “Fragebogen zur sozialen Unterstützung” (social support questionnaire), B baseline, h/week hours per week, kg kilogram, g/kgBW/day grams per kilogram bodyweight per day, g/l grams per litre, kg/m2 kilograms per square metre
aPaired samples t‑test, Mann-Whitney-U test or χ2-test as appropriate
* Significant results