Table 2.
| Causes of acute kidney injury (AKI) in liver failure |
|---|
| Functional causes |
| • Pre-renal azotemia: volume responsive states include shock, dehydration, sepsis, decreased intake of fluids, excessive gastrointestinal losses including diarrhea, vomiting and gastrointestinal bleeding |
| • HRS type 1 and 2: (volume unresponsive state): now called as HRS-AKI [12] |
| Structural causes |
| • Intrinsic renal disease as acute tubular necrosis (ATN), tubulo-interstitial and glomerular diseases |
| • Post-renal AKI—obstruction (Post-transplant AKI is a separate entity with multifactorial causation) |
HRS, Hepatorenal syndrome; HRS-AKI, HRS type of AKI