Table 1.
Characteristics of participants with type 1 diabetes vs. spousal control subjects
| Characteristics | Participants with type 1 diabetes (n = 1,150) | Spousal control subjects (n = 283) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 55.4 ± 6.9 | 56.3 ± 7.5 | 0.06 |
| Sex (female) | 549 (48) | 159 (56) | 0.01 |
| Race (non-Hispanic white) | 1,082 (94) | 265 (94) | 0.78 |
| ≥College graduate | 725 (63) | 171 (60) | 0.41 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.9 ± 5.6 | 28.9 ± 6.2 | 0.93 |
| Physical activity | <0.01 | ||
| Sedentary | 488 (42) | 93 (33) | |
| Moderate | 621 (54) | 170 (60) | |
| Strenuous | 41 (4) | 20 (7) | |
| Current smoker | 113 (10) | 25 (9) | 0.61 |
| Current drinker | 554 (48) | 139 (50) | 0.58 |
| Exposure to loud noise* | 375 (33) | 103 (37) | 0.23 |
| Hearing loss in parents | 562 (49) | 128 (46) | 0.27 |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | |||
| Systolic | 121.7 ± 15.1 | 122.0 ± 15.8 | 0.83 |
| Diastolic | 69.7 ± 9.3 | 75.5 ± 10.1 | <0.01 |
| Any hypertension ever† | 974 (85) | 127 (45) | <0.01 |
| Any hyperlipidemia ever† | 797 (69) | 112 (40) | <0.01 |
| Current HbA1c (%) | 7.9 ± 1.2 | 5.5 ± 0.3 | <0.01 |
| Current HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 63.3 ± 12.8 | 36.6 ± 3.6 | <0.01 |
| Time-weighted mean HbA1c (%) | 7.9 ± 0.9 | N/A | |
| Time-weighted mean HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 63.3 ± 10.0 | N/A | |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 33.6 ± 4.9 | N/A |
Data are means ± SD or n (%). Differences between the participants with type 1 diabetes and spousal control subjects were tested using the Student t test for quantitative characteristics or χ2 test for categorical characteristics. N/A, not applicable.
*Exposure to loud noises is defined as having been exposed to loud noises due to firearm use, being near military equipment, having a noisy job, exposure to steady and loud music or environmental noises, all while wearing hearing protection no more than 50% of the time.
†In the group with type 1 diabetes, hypertension was based on longitudinal measures of systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg or the use of antihypertensive medications, and hyperlipidemia on longitudinal measures of LDL ≥130 mg/dL or the use of hypolipidemic medications. In the control group, hypertension was based on self-report and a single contemporary blood pressure measure and hyperlipidemia on self-report.