Table 2.
Associations between the presence or absence of high Agatston score and microvascular end points
| T1D |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <300 AU (n = 22) | ≥300 AU (n = 47) | Crude P value | Adjusted P value* | |
| Neuropathy end points | ||||
| DSP by Toronto consensus | 16 (72%) | 45 (96%) | 0.011 | 0.087 |
| Clinical examination scores | ||||
| TCNS total | 5.41 ± 3.30 | 7.40 ± 4.13 | 0.086 | 0.20 |
| TCNS symptoms subscale | 0.86 ± 1.25 | 1.55 ± 1.35 | 0.030 | 0.090 |
| TCNS sensory subscale | 1.05 ± 1.09 | 1.87 ± 1.54 | 0.036 | 0.21 |
| Large nerve fiber function | ||||
| Peroneal nerve AMP (µV) | 2.4 ± 1.6 | 1.5 ± 1.4 | 0.024 | 0.17 |
| Peroneal nerve CV (m/s) | 40.8 ± 5.4 | 34.0 ± 8.1 | <0.001 | 0.027 |
| Peroneal nerve f-wave latency (ms) | 62.2 ± 9.2 | 62.9 ± 7.3 | 0.81 | 0.39 |
| Sural nerve AMP (µV) | 4.5 ± 3.5 | 2.1 ± 2.3 | 0.003 | 0.072 |
| Sural nerve CV (m/s) | 40.5 ± 4.6 | 34.7 ± 6.2 | <0.001 | 0.021 |
| CDT at the toe (°C) | 24.65 ± 4.79 | 19.63 ± 7.10 | 0.002 | 0.053 |
| VPT upper limb (V) | 4.7 ± 1.5 | 6.9 ± 1.8 | <0.001 | 0.015 |
| VPT lower limb (V) | 14.4 ± 7.1 | 27.1 ± 9.3 | <0.001 | 0.012 |
| Corneal nerve morphology | ||||
| CNFL (mm/mm2) | 8.8 ± 5.2 | 7.7 ± 3.7 | 0.35 | 0.77 |
| CNBD (branches/mm2) | 13.1 ± 17.3 | 11.9 ± 13.7 | 0.75 | 0.95 |
| CNFD (fibers/mm2) | 11.3 ± 10.7 | 8.0 ± 6.8 | 0.34 | 0.54 |
| Heart rate variability | ||||
| SDNN | 35.6 ± 25.6 | 40.7 ± 37.8 | 0.78 | 0.72 |
| RMSSD | 27.5 ± 24.8 | 27.3 ± 25.0 | 0.97 | 0.58 |
| LF/HF ratio | 2.11 ± 1.62 | 2.55 ± 2.27 | 0.64 | 0.48 |
| Retinopathy end points† | ||||
| None | 6 (27.3%) | 4 (8.5%) | 0.12 | 0.34 |
| NPDR | 6 (27.3%) | 15 (31.9%) | ||
| PDR | 10 (45.5%) | 28 (59.6%) | ||
| Renal hemodynamic end points | ||||
| DKD | 8 (36.4%) | 16 (34.0%) | 0.85 | 0.52 |
| GFRINULIN (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 101 ± 20 | 104 ± 16 | 0.57 | 0.10 |
| ERPFPAH (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 453 ± 5 | 443 ± 109 | 0.70 | 0.30 |
| RBF (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 696 ± 140 | 679 ± 178 | 0.71 | 0.29 |
| FF (%) | 22.6 ± 3.7 | 24.3 ± 4.4 | 0.14 | 0.34 |
| RVR (mmHg ⋅ L−1 ⋅ min−1 ⋅ 100) | 12.9 ± 2.8 | 13.9 ± 3.8 | 0.28 | 0.61 |
| RA (dyne ⋅ s−1 ⋅ cm−5) | 4,524 ± 1,445 | 4,955 ± 1,801 | 0.36 | 0.43 |
| RE (dyne ⋅ s−1 ⋅ cm−5) | 2,290 ± 480 | 2,501 ± 571 | 0.19 | 0.38 |
Data are expressed as the mean ± SD or n (%), unless otherwise indicated. AMP, amplitude potential; CV, conduction velocity; DSP, diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy; LF/HF ratio, ratio of low-power to high-power frequencies of R-R intervals; RMSSD; root mean square successive differences; SDNN, SD of the N-N (R-R) interval.
*Adjusted for age, sex, and HbA1c.
†The association between retinopathy and CAC was significant in the continuous model (Fig. 1). P values < 0.05 are in boldface type.