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. 2018 Sep 26;67(12):2518–2529. doi: 10.2337/db18-0380

Figure 4.

Figure 4

VMNNOS1 neurons project to and activate neurons in both the aBNST and the PAG, and insulin-induced hypoglycemia increases c-Fos expression within the aBNST. Fluorescently labeled projections of ChR2-expressing VMNNOS1 neurons in the aBNST (A, left panel) and PAG (B, left panel). Photoactivation of upstream VMNNOS1 neurons for 60 min elicits robust c-Fos expression in these regions (A and B, middle panel and merged right panel). C: Quantification of c-Fos+ cells in the aBNST and PAG of C57Bl/6J male mice after i.p. saline (n = 4) or insulin (n = 6; 1.5 units/kg). Representative magnification ×10 of c-Fos induction in the aBNST (D and E) and PAG (F and G) after i.p. saline (left) or insulin (right). Magnification 10×. Values are mean ± SEM. Two-tailed, unpaired Student t test for each brain region. **P < 0.01. aco, anterior commissure; aq, cerebral aqueduct.