Table 1.
Substance | Experimental models/dose – Route of administration | Organism tested | Effect |
---|---|---|---|
Imidazole alkaloids | |||
Allantoin | Phenylbutazone induced ulcer/6 g/kg – gastric intubation | Rat | Active [61] |
*/oral | Human adult | * [62] | |
Histamine, para-coumaroyl | */ 100 mg/kg – intragastric | Mouse | Equivocal [63] |
50% ethanol induced gastric ulcer/2.5; 10 and 20 mg/kg – oral and intraperitoneal | Mouse | Active [59] | |
4-Methoxycantin-6-one |
50% ethanol induced gastric ulcer/ 10 and 20 mg/kg – oral and intraperitoneal | Mouse | Active [59] |
Hirsuteine |
*/60 mg/kg – intraperitoneal | Mouse | Active [56] |
Hirsutine |
*/60 mg/kg – intraperitoneal | Mouse | Active [56] |
LSD-25 |
5-HT induced gastric ulcers/30mg/kg – intramuscular | Guinea pig | Active [64] |
Melatonin | */intragastric | Rat | Active [55] |
Ischemia-reperfusion induced ulcer/intragastric | Rat | Active [55] | |
Nigakinone | */* | Rat | Active [57] |
Pylorus-ligated induced ulcer/31.3 mg/kg - * | Rat | Active [57] | |
Nigakinone, methyl |
Pylorus-ligated induced ulcer/62.5 mg/kg - * | Rat | Active [58] |
Reserpine | Stress induced ulcer/2.5 mg/kg –subcutaneous | Mouse | Inactive [46] |
Rhynchophylline |
*/60 mg/kg – intraperitoneal | Mouse | Active [56] |
Rhynchophylline, iso |
*/60 mg/kg – intraperitoneal | Mouse | Inactive [56] |
Tabersonine |
*/50 mg/kg – intragastric | Rat | Active [34] |
Vinpocetine |
*/10 mg/kg – oral | Human adult | Active [65] |
Yohimbine, beta |
*/20 mg/kg – intraperitoneal | Mouse | Active [56] |
Isoquinoline alkaloids | |||
Berberine | Ethanol induced gastric ulcer/25 mg/kg – intragastric | Rat | Inactive [30] |
*/15 mg/kg – gastric intubation | Rat | Weak activity [31] | |
Pylorus-ligated induced ulcer/10 mg/kg – oral | Rat | Inactive [32] | |
Berberine, oxy |
Ethanol induced gastric ulcer/50 mg/day - intragastric | Rat | Inactive [30] |
Cathinone |
*/intragastric | Rat | Active [66] |
Cathinone, (-) | Aspirin induced gasric ulcer/10 mg/kg - intragastric | Rat | Active [28] |
Indomethacin induced gastric ulcer/10 mg/kg - intragastric | Rat | Active [28] | |
Phenylbutazone induced gastric ulcer/10 mg/kg - intragastric | Rat | Active [28] | |
Cathinone, (+) | Aspirin induced gasric ulcer/10 mg/kg - intragastric | Rat | Active [28] |
Indomethacin induced gastric ulcer/10 mg/kg - intragastric | Rat | Active [28] | |
Phenylbutazone induced gastric ulcer/10 mg/kg - intragastric | Rat | Active [28] | |
Coptisine | Ethanol induced gastric ulcer/0.1 mg/kg - intragastric | Rat | Active [30] |
80% ethanol induced ulcer/0.1 mg/kg - intragastric | Rat | Active [35] | |
80% ethanol induced ulcer/0.1 mg/kg - intragastric | Rat | Active [36] | |
Coptisine, 8-oxo | Ethanol induced gastric ulcer/0.1 mg/kg - intragastric | Rat | Active [30] |
80% ethanol induced ulcers/0.1 mg/kg - intragastric | Rat | Active [35] | |
Corydaline |
*/15 mg/kg - oral | Human adult | Active [67] |
Corydaline, dehydro | */40 mg/kg - oral | Mouse | Active [68] |
*/* | Bullfrog | Active [68] | |
Pylorus-ligated induced gastric ulcer/oral | Rat | Active [69] | |
Stress induced gastric ulcer/oral | Rat | Active [69] | |
Pylorus-ligated induced gastric ulcer/subcutaneous | Rat | Active [69] | |
Stress induced gastric ulcer/subcutaneous | Rat | Active [69] | |
Histamine induced ulcers of duodenum/oral | Guinea pig | Active [69] | |
Histamine induced ulcers of duodenum/subcutaneous | Guinea pig | Inactive [69] | |
Reserpine induced gastric ulcer/oral | Rat | Active [69] | |
Reserpine induced gastric ulcer/subcutaneous | Rat | Inactive [69] | |
Corydamine |
*/* | * | Active [70] |
Corydamine, tetrahydro |
*/* | * | Active [71] |
Ephedrine, nor- n-formyl (-) | Aspirin induced ulcers/5 mg/kg - intragastric | Rat | Active [28] |
Indomethacin induced ulcers/10 mg/kg - intragastric | Rat | Active [28] | |
Ephedrine, nor-
n-formyl (+) |
Aspirin induced ulcers/5 mg/kg - intragastric | Rat | Active [28] |
Glaziovine | Histamine induced ulcers/5 mg/kg - intraperitoneal | Guinea pig | Active [72] |
Reserpine induced ulcers/5 mg/kg - intraperitoneal | Rat | Active [72] | |
Serotonin induced ulcers/5 mg/kg - intraperitoneal | Rat | Active [72] | |
Restraint stress induced ulcers/5 mg/kg - intraperitoneal | Rat | Active [72] | |
Pylorus-ligated induced ulcers/5 mg/kg - intraperitoneal | Rat | Active [72] | |
*/10 mg/person - oral | Human adult | Active [73] | |
Morphine |
Reserpine induced ulcers/10 mg/kg - oral | Rat | Active [29] |
Palmatine, 7-8-dihydro: 8-hydroxy | Ethanol induced gastric ulcers/50 mg/kg - intragastric | Rat | Active [33] |
Pylorus-ligated induced ulcers/50 mg/kg - intragastric | Rat | Active [33] | |
Acetic acid induced ulcers/80 mg/kg - intragastric | Rat | Active [33] | |
*/100 mg/kg - intragastric | Rat | Active [34] | |
Non- nitrogen heterocycle alkaloid | |||
Chlorophyll | Pylorus-ligated induced ulcers/1 g/kg - intravenous | Rat | Active [74] |
Phenylalkylamide alkaloid | |||
Capsaicin | Ethanol induced gastric ulcer/0.3 nanomol/kg - intragastric | Rat | Active [52] |
80% ethanol induced ulcer/2 mg/kg - intragastric | Rat | Active [75] | |
80% ethanol induced ulcer/2 mg/kg - subcutaneous | Rat | Active [75] | |
Pylorus-ligated induced ulcer/1 μg/kg - intragastric | Rat | Active [76] | |
Aspirin induced ulcer/0.6 μg/kg - intragastric | Rat | Active [77] | |
Ethanol induced ulcer/0.105 μg/kg - intragastric | Rat | Active [77] | |
HCl induced ulcer/0.1 μg/kg - intragastric | Rat | Active [77] | |
Acetic acid induced ulcer/10 mg/kg - intragastric | Rat | Active [78] | |
*/0.5 mg/kg - intragastric | Rat | Active [53] | |
Piperidine alkaloid | |||
Piperine | Aspirin induced ulcer/1,5 mg/kg - intravenous | Rabbit | Active [50] |
Restraint stress induced ulcer/25 mg/kg - intragastric | Rat | Active [51] | |
Indomethacin induced ulcer/25 mg/kg - intragastric | Rat | Active [51] | |
HCl/ethanol induced gastric ulcer/25 mg/kg - intragastric | Rat | Active [51] | |
Pylorus-ligated induced ulcer/25 mg/kg - intragastric | Rat | Active [51] | |
Restraint stress induced ulcer/25 mg/kg - intragastric | Mouse | Active [51] | |
Indomethacin induced ulcer/25 mg/kg - intragastric | Mouse | Active [51] | |
HCl/ethanol induced gastric ulcer/25 mg/kg - intragastric | Mouse | Active [51] | |
Pylorus-ligated induced ulcer/25 mg/kg – intragastric | Mouse | Active [51] | |
Pyrazine alkaloid | |||
Ligustrazine | Water-immersion stress induced ulcer/intragastric | Rat | Active [79] |
Restraint stress induced ulcer/intragastric | Rat | Active [79] | |
Pyridine alkaloids | |||
Gentianine | Pylorus-ligated induced ulcers/100 mg/kg - oral | Rat | Weak activity [80] |
Water-immersion stress-induced ulcers/100 mg/kg - oral | Rat | Active [80] | |
Mallorepine |
Stress induced gastric ulcer/300 mg/kg - subcutaneous | Mouse | Inactive [81] |
Nicotine |
Aspirin induced ulcer/1mg/animal - intragastric | Rat | Active [44] |
Pyrrolidine alkaloid | |||
Cuscohygrine |
*/* | Rat | Active [82] |
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids | |||
Interregimine | Hypothermic restraint stress induced gastric ulcer/12.5 mg/kg of crude alkaloid extract - oral | Mouse | Active [60] |
Ethanol induced gastric ulcer/12.5 mg/kg of crude alkaloid extract - oral | Rat | Active [60] | |
Cysteamine induced duodenal ulcer/12.5 mg/kg of crude alkaloid extract - oral | Rat | Active [60] | |
Indomethacin induced gastric ulcer/12.5 mg/kg of crude alkaloid extract - oral | Mouse | Active [60] | |
Retrorsine |
Hypothermic restraint stress induced gastric ulcer/12.5 mg/kg of crude alkaloid extract - oral | Mouse | Active [60] |
Ethanol induced gastric ulcer/12.5 mg/kg of crude alkaloid extract - oral | Rat | Active [60] | |
Cysteamine induced duodenal ulcer/12.5 mg/kg of crude alkaloid extract - oral | Rat | Active [60] | |
Indomethacin induced gastric ulcer/12.5 mg/kg of crude alkaloid extract – oral | Mouse | Active [60] | |
Senecionine |
Hypothermic restraint stress induced gastric ulcer/12.5 mg/kg of crude alkaloid extract – oral | Mouse | Active [60] |
Ethanol induced gastric ulcer/12.5 mg/kg of crude alkaloid extract - oral | Rat | Active [60] | |
Cysteamine induced duodenal ulcer/12.5 mg/kg of crude alkaloid extract - oral | Rat | Active [60] | |
Indomethacin induced gastric ulcer/12.5 mg/kg of crude alkaloid extract – oral | Mouse | Active [60] | |
Seneciphylline |
Hypothermic restraint stress induced gastric ulcer/12.5 mg/kg of crude alkaloid extract - oral | Mouse | Active [60] |
Ethanol induced gastric ulcer/12.5 mg/kg of crude alkaloid extract - oral | Rat | Active [60] | |
Cysteamine induced duodenal ulcer/12.5 mg/kg of crude alkaloid extract - oral | Rat | Active [60] | |
Indomethacin induced gastric ulcer/12.5 mg/kg of crude alkaloid extract - oral | Mouse | Active [60] | |
Usaramine |
Hypothermic restraint stress induced gastric ulcer/12.5 mg/kg of crude alkaloid extract - oral | Mouse | Active [60] |
Ethanol induced gastric ulcer/12.5 mg/kg of crude alkaloid extract - oral | Rat | Active [60] | |
Cysteamine induced duodenal ulcer/12.5 mg/kg of crude alkaloid extract - oral | Rat | Active [60] | |
Indomethacin induced gastric ulcer/12.5 mg/kg of crude alkaloid extract - oral | Mouse | Active [60] | |
Quinolizidine alkaloids | |||
Matrine | Water-immersion stress induced ulcers/25 mg/kg - gastric intubation | Mouse | Active [45] |
Restraint stress induced ulcers/25 mg/kg - gastric intubation | Mouse | Active [45] | |
Water-immersion stress induced ulcers/10 mg/kg - intraperitoneal | Mouse | Weak activity [45] | |
Restraint stress induced ulcers/10 mg/kg - intraperitoneal | Mouse | Weak activity [45] | |
Water-immersion stress induced ulcers/10 mg/kg - intravenous | Mouse | Active [45] | |
Restraint stress induced ulcers/10 mg/kg – intravenous | Mouse | Active [45] | |
Stress induced ulcer/50 mg/kg - gastric intubation | Mouse | Active [46] | |
Stress induced ulcer/50 mg/kg -Intraperitoneal | Mouse | Active [46] | |
Restraint stress induced ulcers/50 mg/kg - gastric intubation | Mouse | Active [47] | |
Restraint stress induced ulcers/50 mg/kg - intraperitoneal | Mouse | Weak activity [47] | |
Restraint stress induced ulcers/50 mg/kg – intravenous | Mouse | Active [47] | |
Pylorus-ligated induced ulcers/50 mg/kg - intraduodenal | Rat | Inactive [45] | |
Indomethacin induced ulcers/100 mg/kg - gastric intubation | Mouse | Inactive [45] | |
Reserpine induced ulcers/ 50 mg/kg – gastric intubation | Mouse | Active [45] | |
Reserpine induced ulcers/25 mg/kg - intravenous | Mouse | Active [45] | |
Matrine, 13-alpha-hydroxy | Water-immersion stress induced ulcers/* - intragastric | Rat | Active [48] |
Indomethacin plus alcohol induced gastric ulcers/ * -intragastric | Rat | Active [48] | |
Matrine, oxy | Pylorus-ligated induced ulcers/* | * | Active [49] |
Indomethacin induced ulcers/* | * | Active [49] | |
Restraint stress induced ulcers/ * - intraduodenal | Rat | Active [49] | |
Water-immersion stress induced ulcers/25mg/kg - gastric intubation | Mouse | Active [45] | |
Restraint stress induced ulcers/25 mg/kg - gastric intubation | Mouse | Active [45] | |
Water-immersion stress induced ulcers/10 mg/kg - intraperitoneal | Mouse | Active [45] | |
Restraint stress induced ulcers/10 mg/kg – intraperitoneal | Mouse | Active [45] | |
Water-immersion stress induced ulcers/10 mg/kg - intravenous | Mouse | Weak activity [45] | |
Restraint stress induced ulcers/10 mg/kg - intravenous | Mouse | Weak activity [45] | |
Stress induced ulcer/50 mg/kg - gastric intubation | Mouse | Active [46] | |
Stress induced ulcer/50 mg/kg -intraperitoneal | Mouse | Active [46] | |
Restraint stress induced ulcers/50 mg/kg - gastric intubation | Mouse | Active [47] | |
Restraint stress induced ulcers/50 mg/kg - intraperitoneal | Mouse | Active [47] | |
Restraint stress induced ulcers/50 mg/kg - intravenous | Mouse | Weak activity [47] | |
Indomethacin induced ulcers/100 mg/kg - gastric intubation | Mouse | Active [45] | |
Reserpine induced ulcers/50 mg/kg - gastric intubation | Mouse | Active [45] | |
Reserpine induced ulcers/50 mg/kg - intravenous | Mouse | Inactive [45] | |
Pylorus-ligated induced ulcers/* - gastric intubation | Rat | Active [84] | |
Steroid alkaloids | |||
Pachysamine A, epi | Water-immersion stress induced ulcers/50 mg/kg - intraperitoneal | Mouse | Active [54] |
Restraint stress induced ulcers/50 mg/kg – intraperitoneal | Mouse | Active [54] | |
Pachysandrine A |
Water-immersion stress induced ulcers/50 mg/kg - intraperitoneal | Mouse | Active [54] |
Pachystermine A | Restraint stress induced ulcers/50 mg/kg - intraperitoneal | Mouse | Active [54] |
Water-immersion stress induced ulcers/50 mg/kg - intraperitoneal | Mouse | Active [54] | |
Spiropachysine | Water-immersion stress induced ulcers/50 mg/kg - intraperitoneal | Mouse | Active [54] |
Restraint stress induced ulcers/50 mg/kg - intraperitoneal | Mouse | Active [54] | |
Tropane alkaloids | |||
Anisodamine | Water-immersion stress induced ulcers/10 mg/kg – intraperitoneal | Rat | Active [41] |
Reserpine induced ulcers/1.5 mg/kg - intraperitoneal | Rat | Active [42] | |
Cold stress induced ulcers/2.5 mg/kg - intraperitoneal | Rat | Active [39] | |
Indomethacin induced ulcers/0.5 mg/kg - intraperitoneal | Rat | Active [39] | |
Acetic acid induced ulcers/10 mg/kg - intraperitoneal | Rat | Active [39] | |
Ethanol induced ulcers/25 mg/kg- intragastric | Rat | Active [43] | |
Indomethacin induced ulcers/25 mg/kg - intragastric | Rat | Active [43] | |
Restraint stress induced ulcers/25 mg/kg - intragastric | Rat | Active [43] | |
Pylorus-ligated induced ulcers/25 mg/kg - intragastric | Rat | Active [43] | |
Reserpine induced ulcers/1.5 mg/kg - intraperitoneal | Rat | Active [42] | |
Anisodine | Cold stress induced ulcers/2 mg/kg - intraperitoneal | Rat | Active [39] |
Indomethacin induced ulcers/8 mg/kg - intraperitoneal | Rat | Active [39] | |
Acetic acid induced ulcers/32 mg/kg - intraperitoneal | Rat | Active [39] | |
Atropine | Pylorus-ligated induced ulcers/10 mg/kg - intragastric | Rat | Active [37] |
Pylorus-ligated induced ulcers/10 mg/kg - gastric intubation | Rat | Active [38] | |
Aspirin induced ulcers/10 mg/kg - gastric intubation | Rat | Active [38] | |
Cocaine |
Reserpine induced ulcers/10 mg/kg - oral | Rat | Active [29] |
Scopolamine | Cold stress induced ulcers/0.5 mg/kg - intraperitoneal | Rat | Active [39] |
Indomethacin induced ulcers/1 mg/kg - intraperitoneal | Rat | Active [39] | |
Acetic acid induced ulcers/8 mg/kg – intraperitoneal | Rat | Active [39] | |
Scopolamine, methyl |
Propionitrile-induced duodenal ulcers/2.5 mg/kg - subcutaneous | Rat | Active [40] |
Tropine, n-(4’-ethoxy-carbonyl-phenyl-amine-n’-acetyl) | */10 mg/kg - intragastric | Rat | Active [83] |
Tropine, n-(4’-ethoxy-phenyl-amine-n’-acetyl) | */10 mg/kg - intragastric | Rat | Active [83] |
Tropine, N-(4’-sulfamoyl-phenyl-amine-N’-acetyl) | */10 mg/kg - intragastric | Rat | Inactive [83] |
* = Data not provided