Table 1.

Alkaloids with gastrointestinal antiulcer activity

Substance	Experimental models/dose – Route of administration	Organism tested	Effect
Imidazole alkaloids
Allantoin	Phenylbutazone induced ulcer/6 g/kg – gastric intubation	Rat	Active [61]
	*/oral	Human adult	* [62]
Histamine, para-coumaroyl	*/ 100 mg/kg – intragastric	Mouse	Equivocal [63]
	50% ethanol induced gastric ulcer/2.5; 10 and 20 mg/kg – oral and intraperitoneal	Mouse	Active [59]
4-Methoxycantin-6-one	50% ethanol induced gastric ulcer/ 10 and 20 mg/kg – oral and intraperitoneal	Mouse	Active [59]
Hirsuteine	*/60 mg/kg – intraperitoneal	Mouse	Active [56]
Hirsutine	*/60 mg/kg – intraperitoneal	Mouse	Active [56]
LSD-25	5-HT induced gastric ulcers/30mg/kg – intramuscular	Guinea pig	Active [64]
Melatonin	*/intragastric	Rat	Active [55]
	Ischemia-reperfusion induced ulcer/intragastric	Rat	Active [55]
Nigakinone	*/*	Rat	Active [57]
	Pylorus-ligated induced ulcer/31.3 mg/kg - *	Rat	Active [57]
Nigakinone, methyl	Pylorus-ligated induced ulcer/62.5 mg/kg - *	Rat	Active [58]
Reserpine	Stress induced ulcer/2.5 mg/kg –subcutaneous	Mouse	Inactive [46]
Rhynchophylline	*/60 mg/kg – intraperitoneal	Mouse	Active [56]
Rhynchophylline, iso	*/60 mg/kg – intraperitoneal	Mouse	Inactive [56]
Tabersonine	*/50 mg/kg – intragastric	Rat	Active [34]
Vinpocetine	*/10 mg/kg – oral	Human adult	Active [65]
Yohimbine, beta	*/20 mg/kg – intraperitoneal	Mouse	Active [56]
Isoquinoline alkaloids
Berberine	Ethanol induced gastric ulcer/25 mg/kg – intragastric	Rat	Inactive [30]
	*/15 mg/kg – gastric intubation	Rat	Weak activity [31]
	Pylorus-ligated induced ulcer/10 mg/kg – oral	Rat	Inactive [32]
Berberine, oxy	Ethanol induced gastric ulcer/50 mg/day - intragastric	Rat	Inactive [30]
Cathinone	*/intragastric	Rat	Active [66]
Cathinone, (-)	Aspirin induced gasric ulcer/10 mg/kg - intragastric	Rat	Active [28]
	Indomethacin induced gastric ulcer/10 mg/kg - intragastric	Rat	Active [28]
	Phenylbutazone induced gastric ulcer/10 mg/kg - intragastric	Rat	Active [28]
Cathinone, (+)	Aspirin induced gasric ulcer/10 mg/kg - intragastric	Rat	Active [28]
	Indomethacin induced gastric ulcer/10 mg/kg - intragastric	Rat	Active [28]
	Phenylbutazone induced gastric ulcer/10 mg/kg - intragastric	Rat	Active [28]
Coptisine	Ethanol induced gastric ulcer/0.1 mg/kg - intragastric	Rat	Active [30]
	80% ethanol induced ulcer/0.1 mg/kg - intragastric	Rat	Active [35]
	80% ethanol induced ulcer/0.1 mg/kg - intragastric	Rat	Active [36]
Coptisine, 8-oxo	Ethanol induced gastric ulcer/0.1 mg/kg - intragastric	Rat	Active [30]
	80% ethanol induced ulcers/0.1 mg/kg - intragastric	Rat	Active [35]
Corydaline	*/15 mg/kg - oral	Human adult	Active [67]
Corydaline, dehydro	*/40 mg/kg - oral	Mouse	Active [68]
	*/*	Bullfrog	Active [68]
	Pylorus-ligated induced gastric ulcer/oral	Rat	Active [69]
	Stress induced gastric ulcer/oral	Rat	Active [69]
	Pylorus-ligated induced gastric ulcer/subcutaneous	Rat	Active [69]
	Stress induced gastric ulcer/subcutaneous	Rat	Active [69]
	Histamine induced ulcers of duodenum/oral	Guinea pig	Active [69]
	Histamine induced ulcers of duodenum/subcutaneous	Guinea pig	Inactive [69]
	Reserpine induced gastric ulcer/oral	Rat	Active [69]
	Reserpine induced gastric ulcer/subcutaneous	Rat	Inactive [69]
Corydamine	*/*	*	Active [70]
Corydamine, tetrahydro	*/*	*	Active [71]
Ephedrine, nor- n-formyl (-)	Aspirin induced ulcers/5 mg/kg - intragastric	Rat	Active [28]
	Indomethacin induced ulcers/10 mg/kg - intragastric	Rat	Active [28]
Ephedrine, nor- n-formyl (+)	Aspirin induced ulcers/5 mg/kg - intragastric	Rat	Active [28]
Glaziovine	Histamine induced ulcers/5 mg/kg - intraperitoneal	Guinea pig	Active [72]
	Reserpine induced ulcers/5 mg/kg - intraperitoneal	Rat	Active [72]
	Serotonin induced ulcers/5 mg/kg - intraperitoneal	Rat	Active [72]
	Restraint stress induced ulcers/5 mg/kg - intraperitoneal	Rat	Active [72]
	Pylorus-ligated induced ulcers/5 mg/kg - intraperitoneal	Rat	Active [72]
	*/10 mg/person - oral	Human adult	Active [73]
Morphine	Reserpine induced ulcers/10 mg/kg - oral	Rat	Active [29]
Palmatine, 7-8-dihydro: 8-hydroxy	Ethanol induced gastric ulcers/50 mg/kg - intragastric	Rat	Active [33]
	Pylorus-ligated induced ulcers/50 mg/kg - intragastric	Rat	Active [33]
	Acetic acid induced ulcers/80 mg/kg - intragastric	Rat	Active [33]
	*/100 mg/kg - intragastric	Rat	Active [34]
Non- nitrogen heterocycle alkaloid
Chlorophyll	Pylorus-ligated induced ulcers/1 g/kg - intravenous	Rat	Active [74]
Phenylalkylamide alkaloid
Capsaicin	Ethanol induced gastric ulcer/0.3 nanomol/kg - intragastric	Rat	Active [52]
	80% ethanol induced ulcer/2 mg/kg - intragastric	Rat	Active [75]
	80% ethanol induced ulcer/2 mg/kg - subcutaneous	Rat	Active [75]
	Pylorus-ligated induced ulcer/1 μg/kg - intragastric	Rat	Active [76]
	Aspirin induced ulcer/0.6 μg/kg - intragastric	Rat	Active [77]
	Ethanol induced ulcer/0.105 μg/kg - intragastric	Rat	Active [77]
	HCl induced ulcer/0.1 μg/kg - intragastric	Rat	Active [77]
	Acetic acid induced ulcer/10 mg/kg - intragastric	Rat	Active [78]
	*/0.5 mg/kg - intragastric	Rat	Active [53]
Piperidine alkaloid
Piperine	Aspirin induced ulcer/1,5 mg/kg - intravenous	Rabbit	Active [50]
	Restraint stress induced ulcer/25 mg/kg - intragastric	Rat	Active [51]
	Indomethacin induced ulcer/25 mg/kg - intragastric	Rat	Active [51]
	HCl/ethanol induced gastric ulcer/25 mg/kg - intragastric	Rat	Active [51]
	Pylorus-ligated induced ulcer/25 mg/kg - intragastric	Rat	Active [51]
	Restraint stress induced ulcer/25 mg/kg - intragastric	Mouse	Active [51]
	Indomethacin induced ulcer/25 mg/kg - intragastric	Mouse	Active [51]
	HCl/ethanol induced gastric ulcer/25 mg/kg - intragastric	Mouse	Active [51]
	Pylorus-ligated induced ulcer/25 mg/kg – intragastric	Mouse	Active [51]
Pyrazine alkaloid
Ligustrazine	Water-immersion stress induced ulcer/intragastric	Rat	Active [79]
	Restraint stress induced ulcer/intragastric	Rat	Active [79]
Pyridine alkaloids
Gentianine	Pylorus-ligated induced ulcers/100 mg/kg - oral	Rat	Weak activity [80]
	Water-immersion stress-induced ulcers/100 mg/kg - oral	Rat	Active [80]
Mallorepine	Stress induced gastric ulcer/300 mg/kg - subcutaneous	Mouse	Inactive [81]
Nicotine	Aspirin induced ulcer/1mg/animal - intragastric	Rat	Active [44]
Pyrrolidine alkaloid
Cuscohygrine	*/*	Rat	Active [82]
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids
Interregimine	Hypothermic restraint stress induced gastric ulcer/12.5 mg/kg of crude alkaloid extract - oral	Mouse	Active [60]
	Ethanol induced gastric ulcer/12.5 mg/kg of crude alkaloid extract - oral	Rat	Active [60]
	Cysteamine induced duodenal ulcer/12.5 mg/kg of crude alkaloid extract - oral	Rat	Active [60]
	Indomethacin induced gastric ulcer/12.5 mg/kg of crude alkaloid extract - oral	Mouse	Active [60]
Retrorsine	Hypothermic restraint stress induced gastric ulcer/12.5 mg/kg of crude alkaloid extract - oral	Mouse	Active [60]
	Ethanol induced gastric ulcer/12.5 mg/kg of crude alkaloid extract - oral	Rat	Active [60]
	Cysteamine induced duodenal ulcer/12.5 mg/kg of crude alkaloid extract - oral	Rat	Active [60]
	Indomethacin induced gastric ulcer/12.5 mg/kg of crude alkaloid extract – oral	Mouse	Active [60]
Senecionine	Hypothermic restraint stress induced gastric ulcer/12.5 mg/kg of crude alkaloid extract – oral	Mouse	Active [60]
	Ethanol induced gastric ulcer/12.5 mg/kg of crude alkaloid extract - oral	Rat	Active [60]
	Cysteamine induced duodenal ulcer/12.5 mg/kg of crude alkaloid extract - oral	Rat	Active [60]
	Indomethacin induced gastric ulcer/12.5 mg/kg of crude alkaloid extract – oral	Mouse	Active [60]
Seneciphylline	Hypothermic restraint stress induced gastric ulcer/12.5 mg/kg of crude alkaloid extract - oral	Mouse	Active [60]
	Ethanol induced gastric ulcer/12.5 mg/kg of crude alkaloid extract - oral	Rat	Active [60]
	Cysteamine induced duodenal ulcer/12.5 mg/kg of crude alkaloid extract - oral	Rat	Active [60]
	Indomethacin induced gastric ulcer/12.5 mg/kg of crude alkaloid extract - oral	Mouse	Active [60]
Usaramine	Hypothermic restraint stress induced gastric ulcer/12.5 mg/kg of crude alkaloid extract - oral	Mouse	Active [60]
	Ethanol induced gastric ulcer/12.5 mg/kg of crude alkaloid extract - oral	Rat	Active [60]
	Cysteamine induced duodenal ulcer/12.5 mg/kg of crude alkaloid extract - oral	Rat	Active [60]
	Indomethacin induced gastric ulcer/12.5 mg/kg of crude alkaloid extract - oral	Mouse	Active [60]
Quinolizidine alkaloids
Matrine	Water-immersion stress induced ulcers/25 mg/kg - gastric intubation	Mouse	Active [45]
	Restraint stress induced ulcers/25 mg/kg - gastric intubation	Mouse	Active [45]
	Water-immersion stress induced ulcers/10 mg/kg - intraperitoneal	Mouse	Weak activity [45]
	Restraint stress induced ulcers/10 mg/kg - intraperitoneal	Mouse	Weak activity [45]
	Water-immersion stress induced ulcers/10 mg/kg - intravenous	Mouse	Active [45]
	Restraint stress induced ulcers/10 mg/kg – intravenous	Mouse	Active [45]
	Stress induced ulcer/50 mg/kg - gastric intubation	Mouse	Active [46]
	Stress induced ulcer/50 mg/kg -Intraperitoneal	Mouse	Active [46]
	Restraint stress induced ulcers/50 mg/kg - gastric intubation	Mouse	Active [47]
	Restraint stress induced ulcers/50 mg/kg - intraperitoneal	Mouse	Weak activity [47]
	Restraint stress induced ulcers/50 mg/kg – intravenous	Mouse	Active [47]
	Pylorus-ligated induced ulcers/50 mg/kg - intraduodenal	Rat	Inactive [45]
	Indomethacin induced ulcers/100 mg/kg - gastric intubation	Mouse	Inactive [45]
	Reserpine induced ulcers/ 50 mg/kg – gastric intubation	Mouse	Active [45]
	Reserpine induced ulcers/25 mg/kg - intravenous	Mouse	Active [45]
Matrine, 13-alpha-hydroxy	Water-immersion stress induced ulcers/* - intragastric	Rat	Active [48]
	Indomethacin plus alcohol induced gastric ulcers/ * -intragastric	Rat	Active [48]
Matrine, oxy	Pylorus-ligated induced ulcers/*	*	Active [49]
	Indomethacin induced ulcers/*	*	Active [49]
	Restraint stress induced ulcers/ * - intraduodenal	Rat	Active [49]
	Water-immersion stress induced ulcers/25mg/kg - gastric intubation	Mouse	Active [45]
	Restraint stress induced ulcers/25 mg/kg - gastric intubation	Mouse	Active [45]
	Water-immersion stress induced ulcers/10 mg/kg - intraperitoneal	Mouse	Active [45]
	Restraint stress induced ulcers/10 mg/kg – intraperitoneal	Mouse	Active [45]
	Water-immersion stress induced ulcers/10 mg/kg - intravenous	Mouse	Weak activity [45]
	Restraint stress induced ulcers/10 mg/kg - intravenous	Mouse	Weak activity [45]
	Stress induced ulcer/50 mg/kg - gastric intubation	Mouse	Active [46]
	Stress induced ulcer/50 mg/kg -intraperitoneal	Mouse	Active [46]
	Restraint stress induced ulcers/50 mg/kg - gastric intubation	Mouse	Active [47]
	Restraint stress induced ulcers/50 mg/kg - intraperitoneal	Mouse	Active [47]
	Restraint stress induced ulcers/50 mg/kg - intravenous	Mouse	Weak activity [47]
	Indomethacin induced ulcers/100 mg/kg - gastric intubation	Mouse	Active [45]
	Reserpine induced ulcers/50 mg/kg - gastric intubation	Mouse	Active [45]
	Reserpine induced ulcers/50 mg/kg - intravenous	Mouse	Inactive [45]
	Pylorus-ligated induced ulcers/* - gastric intubation	Rat	Active [84]
Steroid alkaloids
Pachysamine A, epi	Water-immersion stress induced ulcers/50 mg/kg - intraperitoneal	Mouse	Active [54]
	Restraint stress induced ulcers/50 mg/kg – intraperitoneal	Mouse	Active [54]
Pachysandrine A	Water-immersion stress induced ulcers/50 mg/kg - intraperitoneal	Mouse	Active [54]
Pachystermine A	Restraint stress induced ulcers/50 mg/kg - intraperitoneal	Mouse	Active [54]
	Water-immersion stress induced ulcers/50 mg/kg - intraperitoneal	Mouse	Active [54]
Spiropachysine	Water-immersion stress induced ulcers/50 mg/kg - intraperitoneal	Mouse	Active [54]
	Restraint stress induced ulcers/50 mg/kg - intraperitoneal	Mouse	Active [54]
Tropane alkaloids
Anisodamine	Water-immersion stress induced ulcers/10 mg/kg – intraperitoneal	Rat	Active [41]
	Reserpine induced ulcers/1.5 mg/kg - intraperitoneal	Rat	Active [42]
	Cold stress induced ulcers/2.5 mg/kg - intraperitoneal	Rat	Active [39]
	Indomethacin induced ulcers/0.5 mg/kg - intraperitoneal	Rat	Active [39]
	Acetic acid induced ulcers/10 mg/kg - intraperitoneal	Rat	Active [39]
	Ethanol induced ulcers/25 mg/kg- intragastric	Rat	Active [43]
	Indomethacin induced ulcers/25 mg/kg - intragastric	Rat	Active [43]
	Restraint stress induced ulcers/25 mg/kg - intragastric	Rat	Active [43]
	Pylorus-ligated induced ulcers/25 mg/kg - intragastric	Rat	Active [43]
	Reserpine induced ulcers/1.5 mg/kg - intraperitoneal	Rat	Active [42]
Anisodine	Cold stress induced ulcers/2 mg/kg - intraperitoneal	Rat	Active [39]
	Indomethacin induced ulcers/8 mg/kg - intraperitoneal	Rat	Active [39]
	Acetic acid induced ulcers/32 mg/kg - intraperitoneal	Rat	Active [39]
Atropine	Pylorus-ligated induced ulcers/10 mg/kg - intragastric	Rat	Active [37]
	Pylorus-ligated induced ulcers/10 mg/kg - gastric intubation	Rat	Active [38]
	Aspirin induced ulcers/10 mg/kg - gastric intubation	Rat	Active [38]
Cocaine	Reserpine induced ulcers/10 mg/kg - oral	Rat	Active [29]
Scopolamine	Cold stress induced ulcers/0.5 mg/kg - intraperitoneal	Rat	Active [39]
	Indomethacin induced ulcers/1 mg/kg - intraperitoneal	Rat	Active [39]
	Acetic acid induced ulcers/8 mg/kg – intraperitoneal	Rat	Active [39]
Scopolamine, methyl	Propionitrile-induced duodenal ulcers/2.5 mg/kg - subcutaneous	Rat	Active [40]
Tropine, n-(4’-ethoxy-carbonyl-phenyl-amine-n’-acetyl)	*/10 mg/kg - intragastric	Rat	Active [83]
Tropine, n-(4’-ethoxy-phenyl-amine-n’-acetyl)	*/10 mg/kg - intragastric	Rat	Active [83]
Tropine, N-(4’-sulfamoyl-phenyl-amine-N’-acetyl)	*/10 mg/kg - intragastric	Rat	Inactive [83]

* = Data not provided