Table 2.
PS/PSN that inhibit infections by viruses.
| PS compounds | target virus |
|---|---|
| unmodified/ chemically modified heparin/HS |
DNA: HSV [54,55], CMV [56], FMDV [57], HBV [58], HCV [59], HPV [60], HHV-7 [61], HHV-8 [62], VV [63], VZV [64] RNA: HTLV [65], HIV, VSV, Sindbis [63,66], DENV, JEV [67], Tacaribe, Junin [68], RSV, influenza A [69,70] |
| chondroitin sulfate | DNA: HIV [71] |
| carrageenans |
DNA: HSV, CMV, HPV [72], VV [63] RNA: HIV, Sindbis, VSV [63], DENV [73], HAV [74], CHIKV, SFV [75], Tacaribe, Junin [68] |
| xylomannan sulfate F6 |
DNA: HSV, CMV [42] RNA: HIV, influenza A/B, Tacaribe, Junin [42] |
| galactan sulfate |
DNA: HSV, CMV, VV [42] RNA: HIV, Sindbis, SFV, VSV, influenza A, RSV [42], DENV [76] |
| fucoidan |
DNA: HSV, CMV [63] RNA: HIV, Sindbis, VSV [63], RSV [77], SFSV [78], CHIKV, SFV [75], Tacaribe, Junin [68], HTLV [79] |
| rhamnan sulfate |
DNA: HSV, CMV [80] RNA: HIV [80] |
| cellulose sulfate |
DNA: HSV [81], HPV [82] RNA: HIV [83] |
| dextran sulfate |
DNA: HSV, CMV, HPV, VV [82], HBV [58], HHV-7 [61] RNA: HIV , Sindbis, VSV [63], RSV, influenza A, Tacaribe, Junin, SFV [42], CHIKV [75], SFSV [78], YFV [84], RV [85] HTLV [86] |
| colominic acid | RNA: HIV [87], RTV [88] |
| curdlan sulfate | DNA: CMV [89] RNA: HIV [89] |
| glyloid sulfate 4324 | RNA: RV [85] |
| PI 88 |
DNA: HSV [54] RNA: DENV, JEV [67] |
| K5 derivatives | DNA: HPV [60] RNA: HIV [90] |
| PPS |
DNA: HSV, CMV, HHV-7 [61], VV [42] RNA: HIV, Sindbis, VSV [63], RSV, influenza A, Tacaribe, Junin [42], SFSV [78], DENV, JEV [67] |
| polyester | RNA: HIV [91] |
| chitin derivatives | DNA: HSV [92] |
| Y-ART-4 | RNA: HIV [93] |
| PSN compound | target virus |
| suramin |
DNA: HBV [94], HCV [95], HHV-8 [96], HSV [97] RNA: HTLV-1 [98]; HIV [99] |
| suramin analogs |
DNA: CMV [100] RNA: HIV [101] |
| PSS |
DNA: HTLV [98], HSV [81], HBV [58], HHV-7 [61], HPV [82], CMV [100] RNA: HIV [102], RSV, influenza A [69], YFV [84] |
| porphyrins | RNA: HIV [103] |
PI 88, phosphomanno pentaose sulfate; Y-ART-4, nonatyrosine N- and O-1-9-decasulfate; PPS, pentosan polysulfate; PSS, poly(sodium 4-styrene sulfonate); CHIKV, Chikungunya virus; CMV, cytomegalovirus; DENV, Dengue virus; FMDV, foot-and-mouth disease virus; HAV, hepatitis A virus; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HHV, human herpes virus; HPV, human papilloma virus; HSV, herpes simplex virus; HTLV, human T-cell leukemia virus; JEV, Japanese encephalitis virus; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; RTV, rotavirus; RV, rubella virus; SFSV, sanfly fever sicilian virus; SFV, Semliki forest virus; VSV, vescicular stomatitis virus; VV, vaccinia virus; VZV, varicella zoster virus; YFV; yellow fever virus.