Table 3.

PS/PSN compounds that inhibit infections by bacteria and protozoa.

PS compounds	target microrganism
unmodified and chemically modified heparin/HS	bacteria : Staphylococcus epidermidis [104], Staphylococcus aureus [105], Staphylococcus hemolyticus [106], Listeria monocitogenes [107], Helicobacter pylori [108], Escherichia coli [109], Borrelia burgdorferi [110], Neisseria gonorroheae, Chlamidia trachomatis [111], Mycobacterium tubercolosis [112], Burkholderia pseudomallei [113], Legionella pneumophila [114] protozoa: Leishmania amazonensis [115], Trypanosoma brucei [116], Plasmodium falciparum [117,118], Tripanosoma cruzi [119], Toxoplasma gondii [120], Giardia lamblia [121]
chondroitin sulfate	bacteria : Staphylococcus epidermidis, aureus, hemolyticus [106], Listeria monocitogenes [107] protozoa: Plasmodium falciparum [122], Toxoplasma gondii [120]
carrageenans	bacteria : Helicobacter pylori [108] protozoa: Plasmodium falciparum [123]
fucoidan	bacteria : Staphylococcus epidermidis, aureus, hemolyticus [106], Anaplasma phagocytophilum [124], Helicobacter pylori [125] protozoa: Cryptosporidium parvum [126], Toxoplasma gondii [127]
cellulose sulfate	bacteria : Gardenella vaginalis [128] protozoa: Plasmodium falciparum, Toxoplasma gondii [127]
dextran sulfate	bacteria : Staphylococcus epidermidis, aureus, hemolyticus [106], Helicobacter pylori [108], Borrelia burgdorferi [110], Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamidia trachomatis [111], Bacillus anthracis [113], Legionella pneumophila [114] protozoa: Plasmodium falciparum [129]
PI 88	protozoa: Plasmodium falciparum [129]
PPS	bacteria : Staphylococcus epidermidis, aureus, hemolyticus [106], Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamidia trachomatis [111] protozoa: Plasmodium falciparum [129]
PSN compounds	target microrganism
suramin	protozoa: Plasmodium falciparum [130], Trypanosoma cruzi [131]
suramin analogs	protozoa: Plasmodium falciparum [130]
PSS	bacteria : Neisseria ghonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis [132], Gardenella vaginalis [128]