Table 2. Peptide Biosensors in Gas Sensing.
| Peptidea | VOCs | Support | Transducer | LDL/measuredb | Development | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NQLSNLSFSDLC (dORp61) Dog OR – P30955 | Trimethylamine (TMA); ammonia; acetic acid; ethyl acetate; methanol | Gold Surface | Piezoelectric multiarray analyzer | – | OR-based design | [57] |
| ACSDAQVNE (dORp188) Dog OR – P30955 | TMA; ammonia; acetic acid; ethyl acetate; methanol; benzene | – | ||||
| FLSNLSFSDLC (hORp61) human OR1E1 | TMA | Gold surface | Piezoelectric multiarray analyzer | 6.7 Hz | OR-based design | [58] |
| FFLLFGC (hORp103) human OR1E1 | O-xylene | 5.1 Hz | ||||
| DLESFLC (hORp109) human OR1E1 | Ammonia | Gold surface/silicon (SiNW) | Piezoelectric multiarray analyzer/conductance | 11 Hz/100 ppmb | [58,59] | |
| RVNEWVIC (hORp193) human OR1E1 | Acetic acid | Gold surface/silicon (SiNW) | Piezoelectric multiarray analyzer/QCM/conductance | 28 Hz/3.1 ± 1.2 ppm/100 ppmb | [58,59,61] | |
| LHYTTIC (PAC1) dog OR – P30955 | Acetic acid; butyric acid | Gold surface | QCM (multiarray) | – | OR-based design | [60] |
| TIMSPKLC (PAC2) dog OR – P30955 | Acetic acid; butyric acid | |||||
| DLESC (PAM1) human OR1E1 | Dimethyl amine | |||||
| ELPLGCG (PAM2) | Acetic acid; dimethylamine | |||||
| SLMAGTVNKKGEFC (LUSH OBP) | 3-methyl-1-butanol; 1-hexanol | Gold surface | QCM | 1–3 ppm | OBP-based design | [62] |
| TKCVSLMAGTVNKKGEFFFF (LUSH OBP) | 3-methyl-1-butanol | CNT | Field-effect transistor | 1 fM | OBP-based design | [63] |
| HSSYWYAFNNKTGGGGWFVI (P1-ASP1C peptide) (honeybee antenna OBP) | Trinitrotoluene (TNT) | SWCNT | Field-effect transistor | 12 ppb | OBP-based design | [65] |
| WHYQRPLMPVSI (TNT-BP) | TNT | Gold surface | Thermal desorption GC-MS | – | Phage display | [66] |
| HPNFSKYILMPVSI (DNT-BP) | 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) | |||||
| CH3ONH-KMHTASLSQPLMGC-CONH2 (DNT-BP1C) | DNT | Gold surface | QCM liquid phase/microcantilever | –/431 ppt | Phage display | [67,71] |
| DSWAADIP (GP1) | Benzene | Gold surface | Microcantilever | 121 ppb | Phage display | [68] |
| DNPIQAVP (GP2) | Toluene; xylene; hexane | 2.2 ppm (toluene); 28 ppm (xylene); 1 ppm (hexane) | ||||
| DRNESSVP (BP1) | Benzene; toluene | – | ||||
| AYSSGAPPMPPF (A3) | Acetonitrile; dichloromethane; methyl salicylate | Gold nanoparticles | Inductor–capacitor– resistor resonators | – | Phage display | [81] |
| NFQGI | 2,3.7,8-TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin | Gold Surfaces | QCM | 10–20 ppbb | Rational design (virtual screening) | [72] |
| NFGGQ | ||||||
| NFQGF | ||||||
| CG | 2-propanol; acetone; acetonitrile; butane-2,3-dione; ethanol; ethyl acetate; ethyl butanoate; ethyl octanoate; hex-3-en-1-ol; hexane; isopentylacetate; nonanal; octanal; terpin-4-ol | Gold nanoparticles | QCM | Sensor array (discriminates all tested VOCs) | Rational design (virtual screening) | [69]/[75] |
| ECG (glutathione) | ||||||
| CIHNP | ||||||
| CIQPV | ||||||
| CRQVF | ||||||
| IHRIC | Terpinen-4-ol > hexane > octanal > nonanal | Gold nanoparticles | QCM | Sensor array (discriminates all tested VOCs) | Rational design (virtual screening) | [70] |
| KSDSC | Small alcohols (2-propanol; ethanol) | |||||
| LGFDC | Ethanol, 2-propanol; acetone; butane-2,3-dione; ethyl acetate | |||||
| TGKFC | Alcohols (hex-3-en-1-ol; terpinen-4-ol) and aldehydes (nonanal; octanal) | |||||
| WHVSC | Esters (ethyl acetate; ethyl butanoate; ethyl octanoate; isopentyl acetate) and hexane | |||||
| IHRIC | Alcohols (1-butanol; 1-hexanol; 2-methyl-1-propanol; ethanol; hexen-3-en-1-ol) and esters (ethyl acetate; ethyl-methyl-2-butyrate; isopentyl acetate) | Zinc oxide nanoparticles | QCM | Sensor array (discriminates all tested VOCs) | Rational design (Virtual screening) | [76] |
| LAWHC | ||||||
| TGKFC | ||||||
| WHVSC |
a
Peptide sequences provided as one-letter codes.
b
Indicates when the detected concentration was not the LoD, but the “measured” in that paper.