Table 1.
Basic characteristics of both male and female participants
| Variables | Men (n = 1195) |
Women (n = 1487) |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Coffee drinking | 0.0382* | ||
| No | 681(56.99) | 822(55.28) | |
| Medium | 265(22.18) | 296(19.91) | |
| High | 249(20.84) | 369(24.82) | |
| T-score | 0.0004* | ||
| T ≥ − 1 | 477(39.92) | 679(45.66) | |
| -2.5 < T < −1 | 429(35.90) | 430(28.92) | |
| T ≤ −2.5 | 289(24.18) | 378(25.42) | |
| Age group (years) | <.0001* | ||
| 30–49 | 471(39.41) | 681(45.80) | |
| 50–69 | 516(43.18) | 754(50.71) | |
| ≥ 70 | 208(17.41) | 52(3.50) | |
| Education | <.0001* | ||
| College and above | 367(30.71) | 243(16.34) | |
| Senior high school | 403(33.72) | 475(31.94) | |
| Junior high school | 182(15.23) | 278(18.70) | |
| Elementary and below | 243(20.33) | 491(33.02) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | <.0001* | ||
| Underweight | 25(2.09) | 51(3.43) | |
| Normal | 462(38.66) | 756(50.84) | |
| Overweight | 423(35.40) | 375(25.22) | |
| Obese | 285(23.85) | 305(20.51) | |
| Smoking | <.0001* | ||
| Never | 597(49.96) | 1438(96.70) | |
| Quit | 174(14.56) | 15(1.01) | |
| Yes | 424(35.48) | 34(2.29) | |
| Drinking | <.0001* | ||
| Never | 852(71.30) | 1430(96.17) | |
| Quit | 53(4.44) | 5(0.34) | |
| Yes | 290(24.27) | 52(3.50) | |
| Exercise | 0.6398 | ||
| No | 421(35.23) | 511(34.36) | |
| Yes | 774(64.77) | 976(65.64) | |
| Vegetarian diet | 0.0025* | ||
| No | 1107(92.64) | 1327(89.24) | |
| Yes | 88(7.36) | 160(10.76) | |
| Personal disease history | |||
| Diabetes | 88(7.36) | 76(5.11) | 0.0155* |
| Hypertension | 231(19.33) | 211(14.19) | 0.0004* |
| Heart disease | 64(5.36) | 48(3.23) | 0.0062* |
| Hyperlipidemia | 84(7.03) | 80(5.38) | 0.0764 |
| Stroke | 16(1.34) | 2(0.13) | 0.0001* |
| Supplement intake | |||
| Vitamin D | 0.6202 | ||
| No | 1168(97.74) | 1449(97.44) | |
| Yes | 27(2.26) | 38(2.56) | |
| Other vitamins | <.0001* | ||
| No | 1100(92.05) | 1293(86.95) | |
| Yes | 95(7.95) | 194(13.05) | |
| Calcium | <.0001* | ||
| No | 1002(83.85) | 1016(68.33) | |
| Yes | 193(16.15) | 471(31.67) |
*P< 0.05