Table 3.
Multiple linear regression analysis showing the association between coffee drinking and T-scores among study participants
| Variables | β | P-value |
|---|---|---|
| Coffee drinking (Reference: No) | – | |
| Medium | 0.049 | 0.3523 |
| High | 0.158 | 0.0038* |
| P-trend | 0.0046* | |
| Age group (Reference: 30–49 years) | ||
| 50–69 | − 0.447 | <.0001* |
| ≥ 70 | − 0.619 | <.0001* |
| Sex (Reference: Women) | ||
| Men | −0.200 | 0.0008* |
| Education (Reference:=College and above) | ||
| Senior high school | −0.140 | 0.0131* |
| Junior high school | −0.257 | 0.0001* |
| Elementary and below | −0.312 | <.0001* |
| BMI (Reference: Normal) | ||
| Underweight | −0.314 | 0.0141* |
| Overweight | 0.181 | 0.0021* |
| Obese | 0.223 | 0.0049* |
| Smoking (Reference: Never) | ||
| Quit | −0.017 | 0.8427 |
| Yes | −0.094 | 0.1546 |
| Drinking (Reference: Never) | ||
| Quit | −0.038 | 0.7940 |
| Yes | 0.012 | 0.8607 |
| Exercise (Reference: No) | ||
| Yes | 0.096 | 0.0305* |
| Vegetarian diet (Reference: No) | ||
| Yes | −0.001 | 0.9729 |
| Personal disease history | ||
| Diabetes | −0.185 | 0.0817 |
| Hypertension | 0.037 | 0.5663 |
| Heart disease | 0.038 | 0.7150 |
| Hyperlipidemia | −0.016 | 0.8530 |
| Stroke | 0.349 | 0.1682 |
| Supplement intake | ||
| Vitamin D (Reference: No) | ||
| Yes | 0.006 | 0.9631 |
| Other vitamins (Reference: No) | ||
| Yes | 0.104 | 0.2160 |
| Calcium (Reference: No) | ||
| Yes | −0.105 | 0.0852 |
*P< 0.05. Adjusted for age, education, BMI, smoking, drinking, exercise, vegetarian diet, vitamin D, other vitamins, calcium, blood type, fasting blood glucose, creatinine, uric acid, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, GOT, GPT, SBP, DBP, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, body fat, diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, hyperlipidemia and stroke