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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2018 Aug;44(3):419–436. doi: 10.1016/j.rdc.2018.03.002
Aqueous Tear Deficiency Evaporative Tear Deficiency

  • SS

  • Age-related dry eye

  • Systemic medications (eg, antihistamines, β-blockers, antispasmodics, diuretics)

  • Lacrimal gland duct obstruction (eg, cicatricial pemphigoid, mucous membrane pemphigoid, trachoma, erythema multiforme, burns)

  • Ocular sensory loss leading to reflex hyposecretion (eg, diabetes mellitus, corneal surgery, contact lens wear, trigeminal nerve injury)

  • Lacrimal gland infiltration (eg, sarcoid, lymphoma, graft vs host disease, AIDS, IgG4-related disease)

  • Meibomian gland dysfunction (posterior blepharitis)

  • Exophthalmos, poor lid apposition, lid deformity

  • Low blink rate

  • Ocular surface disorders (eg, vitamin A deficiency, toxicity from topical drugs/preservatives, contact lens wear)

  • Ocular surface disease (eg, allergic conjunctivitis)

Abbreviations: AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; Ig, immunoglobulin.