Table 2.

Included studies reported by design and subject specifications

Study	Design	N	Subjects	Age range or mean age ± one standard deviation (years)
Feltz et al. 2012 [34]	Randomized	135	Undergraduate students	19.8±2.7
Ganesh et al. 2014 [27]	Within subject	74	Healthy subjects	25 …42
Goršič et al. 2017 [31]	Within subject	29	Patients (ischemic stroke: 19; hemorrhagic stroke: 3; brain tumor: 4; shoulder rotator cuff tear: 2; traumatic brain injury: 1) with chronic arm impairment	56.7±14.7
Goršič et al. 2017 [32]	Within subject	35	15 patients (ischemic stroke: 9; hemorrhagic stroke: 1; ischemic stroke followed by hemorrhagic stroke: 2; traumatic brain injury: 1; cerebral palsy 2) with chronic arm impairment / 20 patients in the acute or subacute phase of stroke	52.7±13.7/57.8±11.7
Goršič et al. 2017 [33]	Within subject	69	64 unimpaired friends (undergraduate students) / 5 arm impaired due to neurological injuries (ischemic stroke: 3; traumatic brain injury: 1; spinal cord injury: 1)	25.6±6.9/24…51
Johnson et al. 2008 [28]	Within subject	18	Healthy subjects	21 …62
Mace et al. 2017 [29]	Within subject	48	32 healthy / 16 hemiparetic stroke survivors using their impaired arm	26.3±4.5/70.3±19.7
Novak et al. 2014 [30]	Within subject	38	30 unimpaired (no cognitive or motor impairment) / 8 stroke patients	25 …73 / 22 …69
Peng and Crouse 2013 [35]	Assigned	162	Undergraduate communication class	18 …23
Peng and Hsieh 2012 [36]	Within subject	158	Undergraduate communication class at a large Midwestern university	18 …23
Staiano et al. 2012 [25]	Randomized	31	Low-income, adolescents, public high school	15 …19
Staiano et al. 2013 [26]	RCT	31	Adolescents, urban public high school	15 …19
Verhoeven et al. 2015 [24]	Within subject	43	Seventh grade students exhibiting an inactive lifestyle	12 …16