Table 2.
Pooled odds ratios (OR), and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI), of pancreatic cancer for high versus low acrylamide intake, overall and in strata of selected covariates. International Pancreatic Cancer Case–Control Consortium (PanC4)
| Covariate | Low intake (1st quartile) |
High intake (4th quartile) |
OR (95% CI)a | P valueb | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases, n (%) | Controls, n (%) | Cases, n (%) | Controls, n (%) | |||
| Overall | 450 (22.8) | 1057 (24.9) | 559 (28.3) | 1064 (25.1) | 0.92 (0.66–1.28) | – |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 207 (18.0) | 471 (20.2) | 375 (32.6) | 695 (29.8) | 0.78 (0.44–1.36) | |
| Female | 243 (29.4) | 586 (30.7) | 184 (22.3) | 369 (19.3) | 1.16 (0.67–2.01) | 0.32 |
| Age | ||||||
| <65 | 181 (19.0) | 469 (23.1) | 299 (31.3) | 549 (27.1) | 0.88 (0.51–1.51) | |
| ≥65 | 269 (26.3) | 588 (26.6) | 260 (25.5) | 515 (23.3) | 0.94 (0.72–1.23) | 0.83 |
| Smoking habit | ||||||
| Never smokers | 204 (27.7) | 528 (27.8) | 179 (24.3) | 416 (21.9) | 1.08 (0.79–1.47) | |
| Former cigarette smokers | 167 (22.4) | 414 (24.0) | 220 (29.4) | 459 (26.6) | 0.79 (0.50–1.23) | |
| Current cigarette smokers | 72 (16.2) | 95 (18.8) | 144 (32.5) | 164 (32.5) | 0.56 (0.22–1.46) | 0.29 |
| Body mass index (BMI)c | ||||||
| <30 kg/m2 | 315 (22.3) | 768 (24.8) | 402 (28.4) | 779 (25.2) | 0.93 (0.60–1.43) | |
| ≥30 kg/m2 | 75 (20.9) | 142 (24.7) | 107 (29.8) | 143 (24.9) | 0.90 (0.46–1.78) | 0.94 |
| Diabetes | ||||||
| No | 347 (22.2) | 957 (25.0) | 442 (28.3) | 953 (24.9) | 0.92 (0.65–1.30) | |
| Yesd | 96 (24.5) | 100 (24.4) | 111 (28.3) | 111 (27.1) | 0.79 (0.41–1.51) | 0.69 |
| Study area | ||||||
| USA (4 studies) | 305 (24.2) | 744 (24.9) | 336 (26.6) | 750 (25.1) | 0.80 (0.50–1.26) | |
| Other (2 studies) | 145 (20.3) | 313 (25.0) | 223 (31.2) | 314 (25.1) | 1.17 (0.77–1.77) | 0.23 |
a
ORs from multivariate logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, smoking habits, diabetes, body mass index, and total energy intake.
b
P value for heterogeneity between strata.
c
Information was not available in the University of Minnesota study, thus, the OR estimates on acrylamide intake in strata of BMI are based on five studies.
d
OR estimate is based on five studies, since for the LSU study, there were too few diabetic patients for the model to converge.