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. 2018 Nov 14;9:2614. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02614

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Copyright © 2018 Schramm, Suwandi, Galeev, Sharma, Braun, Claes, Braubach and Grassl.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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S. mansoni eggs (Sm) impair the STm-induced IL-17 response. RNA was isolated from intestinal tissue at day 1, week 2, and week 5 p.i.. STm infection upregulated cytokine responses including (A) Ccl2, (B) Ifng, (C) Il13, (D) Tnfa and (E) Il17a at all time points. Sm significantly downregulated expression of Ifng and Ccl2 at day 1 p.i. and Il17a at week 5 p.i. while the other cytokines tested were not affected. Each data point represents one animal and box and whiskers indicating the minimum and maximum values are shown (n = 5–10 mice per group). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post-test. Data analyses are only depicted for comparison of STm with Sm+STm groups. **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05; ns, p ≥ 0.05 (not significant).