Table 6.
Brain imaging and morphology.
| Author/Year | N | Agea (years) | Imaging | Areas examined | Findings(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lense et al., 2014a | (WS) 17 | (WS) 16–48 | MRI DTI | Primary auditory cortex (STG, TTG); Pars orbitalis of IFG and SLF | Decreased connectivity along the superior longitudinal fasciculus |
| Lense et al., 2014b | (WS) 13 (TD) 13 | (WS) 27.1 ± 7.1 (TD) 27.7 ± 6.0 | EEG | n/a | Increased evoked alpha in response to happy vs. sad; Increased evoked gamma in response to congruent affective stimuli |
| Martens et al., 2010 | (WS) 25 (TD) 25 | (WS) 8–41 (TD) 8–41 | MRI | Primary auditory cortex Planum temporale | Larger bilateral planum temporale, no difference in asymmetry |
| Thornton-Wells et al., 2010 | (WS) 13 (TD) 13 | (WS) 16–33 (TD) 17–27 | MRI fMRI | Not stated, appears to be entire brain, no a priori | Activation of occipital and early visual areas in response to music |
| Levitin et al., 2003 | (WS) 5 (TD) 5 | (WS) 28.8 (14.6) | fMRI | STG, MFG, SFG, cerebellum, amygdala, cingulate gyrus, pons | More diffuse activation; Decreased temporal lobe activation; Increased right amygdala activation |
DTI, Diffusion Tensor Imaging; EEG, Electroencephalogram; fMRI, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging; IFG, inferior frontal gyrus; MFG, medial frontal gyrus; MRI, Magnetic Resonance Imaging; SFG, superior frontal gyrus; SLF, superior longitudinal fasciculus; STG, superior temporal gyrus; TD, Typically Developing Control; TTG, transverse temporal gyrus; WS, Williams Syndrome.
a
Age in years, expressed in one of the following formats based on information available: (a) range in years, (b) mean (standard deviation), or (c) mean ± years.