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. 2018 Nov 14;9:1648. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01648

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Copyright © 2018 Yang, Zhang and Huang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Fluctuations in the proton conductivity of the thylakoid ATP synthase (g_H⁺) (A), the proton motive force (pmf) (B), and the proton gradient (ΔpH), and membrane potential (ΔΨ) (C) across the thylakoid membranes during the photosynthetic induction at 6 and 25°C. Plants were adapted to the dark at least 30 min before this analysis, and the actinic light was set at 1178 μmol photons m^-2 s^-1. After photosynthetic induction for 15 min, the ΔpH was analyzed. ECS_t/ECS_ST represents the total pmf across thylakoid membranes, and g_H⁺ indicates the activity of chloroplastic ATP synthase. Values are means ± SE (n = 4). Asterisks indicate a significant difference between 6 and 25°C.