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. 2018 Nov 14;9:2685. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02685

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Copyright © 2018 Tan, Yan, Koh, Li, Choi, Tran, Sugrue, Wang and Chow.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Ingenuity pathway analysis revealed upregulated changes of pathways in hNECs over time and became more diverse. The significant pathway changes following influenza infection and the number of genes (x-axis) significantly up-regulated (red) or down-regulated (blue) in each pathway are shown. (A) At 8 hpi, all significant pathways (p < 0.05) exhibited up-regulation of components which are all immune-related. (B) At 24 hpi, a combination of pathways were significantly altered (p < 0.05), with down-regulation of certain biosynthesis pathways. (C) At 48 hpi, more of the significant pathways (p < 0.05) were down-regulated, while immune response genes shifted toward cytokine production and cross-talk with adaptive immune cells.