Table 3. Structure and process indicators of antimicrobial stewardship reported in participating LTCFs, by country, 23 European Union/European Economic Area countriesa, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Serbia, 2016–2017.
| Countrya | Responding LTCFs | Written guidelines for appropriate antimicrobial use in the LTCF | Annual regular training on appropriate antimicrobial prescribing | Responding LTCFs | A ‘restrictive list’ of antimicrobials to be prescribed | Antimicrobial groups reported as being restricted (‘restrictive list’)(ATC code) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J01DD | J01MA | J01DH | J01XA | J01XA01 | IAA | BSA | D06AX09, R01AX06 | |||||||||
| n | n | % | n | % | n | n | % | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | |
| Austria | 12 | 9 | 75.0 | 2 | 16.7 | 12 | 2 | 16.7 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Belgium | 78 | 27 | 34.6 | 5 | 6.4 | 79 | 11 | 13.9 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 5 |
| Croatia | 8 | 1 | 12.5 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 1 | 12.5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Cyprus | 11 | 2 | 18.2 | 1 | 9.1 | 11 | 1 | 9.1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Czech Republic | 9 | 1 | 11.1 | 1 | 11.1 | 9 | 1 | 11.1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Denmark | 95 | 2 | 2.1 | 0 | 0 | 95 | 1 | 1.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Finland | 147 | 20 | 13.6 | 7 | 4.8 | 149 | 4 | 2.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
| Germany | 82 | 1 | 1.2 | 2 | 2.4 | 82 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Greece | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 5 | 38.5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Hungary | 72 | 6 | 8.3 | 2 | 2.8 | 75 | 10 | 13.3 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 10 | 1 | 0 |
| Ireland | 106 | 41 | 38.7 | 8 | 7.5 | 109 | 15 | 13.8 | 6 | 1 | 7 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 1 | 3 |
| Italy | 193 | 41 | 21.2 | 19 | 9.8 | 195 | 110 | 56.4 | 36 | 19 | 91 | 60 | 77 | 45 | 29 | 16 |
| Lithuania | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 26 | 1 | 3.8 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Luxembourg | 16 | 1 | 6.3 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Malta | 11 | 5 | 45.5 | 1 | 9.1 | 11 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| The Netherlandsb | 21 | 21 | 100 | NAc | NA | 22 | 21 | 95.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Norway | 51 | 39 | 76.5 | 9 | 17.6 | NAc | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Poland | 24 | 7 | 29.2 | 2 | 8.3 | 24 | 8 | 33.3 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 0 |
| Portugal | 130 | 49 | 37.7 | 28 | 21.5 | 132 | 102 | 77.3 | 51 | 35 | 67 | 53 | 68 | 57 | 48 | 48 |
| Slovakia | 59 | 19 | 32.2 | 0 | 0 | 59 | 59 | 100.0 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 0 |
| Spain | 42 | 31 | 73.8 | 14 | 33.3 | 46 | 25 | 54.3 | 6 | 0 | 21 | 13 | 11 | 5 | 7 | 3 |
| Sweden | 285 | 285 | 100 | 236 | 82.8 | 285 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| UK – Northern Ireland | 70 | 20 | 28.6 | 2 | 2.9 | 70 | 2 | 2.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| UK –Scotland | 52 | 15 | 28.8 | 1 | 1.9 | 51 | 5 | 9.8 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
| UK – Wales | 26 | 3 | 11.5 | 0 | 0 | 28 | 2 | 7.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| EU/EEA | 1 639 | 646 | 39.4 | 340 | 20.7 | 1 607 | 386 | 24.0 | 170 | 123 | 263 | 202 | 239 | 202 | 157 | 80 |
| Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia | 4 | 1 | 25.0 | 1 | 25.0 | 4 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Serbia | 6 | 2 | 33.3 | 1 | 16.7 | 6 | 1 | 16.7 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
BSA: Broad-spectrum antibiotics; D06AX09, R01AXA6: Mupirocin; EU/EAA: European Union/European Economic Area; IAA: Intravenously-administered antibiotics; J01DD: Third-generation cephalosporins; J01DH: Carbapenems; J01MA: Fluoroquinolones; J01XA: Glycopeptides; J01XA01: Vancomycin (parenteral); LTCF: long-term care facility; NA: not available.
aFor the United Kingdom, data for Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales are presented separately. England did not participate in the survey.
bOnly a limited number of participating LTCFs in the Netherlands collected antimicrobial stewardship data.
cData were not collected.
France did not provide data for the items presented in the table.