Table 2.
Determinants of introduction of solid, semi-solid and soft foods and minimum dietary diversity in Tanzania, 2004–2016
| Introduction of solid, semi-solid and soft foods (6–8 months, n = 1349) | Minimum dietary diversity (n = 7705) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| %* | COR (95% CI) | P value | AOR* (95% CI) | P value | %* | COR (95% CI) | P value | AOR* (95% CI) | P value | |
| Socioeconomic | ||||||||||
| Mother’s employment | ||||||||||
| Not working | 84.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 25.4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Working | 86.7 | 1.28 (0.88–1.87) | 0.194 | 1.64 (0.90–2.97) | 0.100 | 26.8 | 1.11 (0.96–1.28) | 0.131 | 1.21 (1.10–1.49) | 0.029 |
| Mother’s education | ||||||||||
| No schooling | 85.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 19.7 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Primary education | 86.7 | 1.09 (0.74–1.62) | 0.645 | 1.24 (0.73–2.11) | 0.414 | 26.5 | 1.57 (1.36–1.82) | < 0.001 | 1.28 (1.06–1.53) | 0.007 |
| Secondary and higher | 86.6 | 1.54 (0.86–2.75) | 0.138 | 1.51 (0.56–4.06) | 0.409 | 41.7 | 3.27 (2.71–3.94) | < 0.001 | 1.57 (1.17–2.08) | 0.002 |
| Father’s education | ||||||||||
| No schooling | 82.2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 20.01 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Primary education | 86.9 | 1.42 (0.93–2.16) | 0.096 | 1.27 (0.71–2.29) | 0.408 | 26.1 | 1.57 (1.32–1.87) | < 0.001 | 1.06 (0.87–1.31) | 0.519 |
| Secondary and higher | 85.5 | 1.74 (0.99–3.07) | 0.053 | 1.50 (0.60–3.77) | 0.381 | 40.2 | 3.04 (2.47–3.75) | < 0.001 | 1.36 (1.03–1.81) | 0.029 |
| Household wealth | ||||||||||
| Poor | 86.2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 18.7 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Middle | 86.5 | 1.07 (0.74–1.53) | 0.712 | 0.93 (0.56–1.56) | 0.803 | 27.3 | 1.72 (1.51–1.95) | < 0.001 | 1.35 (1.16–1.59) | < 0.001 |
| Rich | 86.5 | 1.12 (0.74–1.53) | 0.614 | 0.46 (0.17–1.20) | 0.114 | 47.1 | 4.09 (3.48–4.79) | < 0.001 | 3.20 (2.48–4.14) | < 0.001 |
| Health service | ||||||||||
| Place of delivery | ||||||||||
| Home | 84.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 20.8 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Health facility | 87.5 | 1.29 (0.92–1.80) | 0.128 | 0.36 (0.47–0.92) | 0.033 | 31.1 | 1.95 (1.73–2.18) | < 0.001 | 1.74 (1.29–2.34) | < 0.001 |
| Postnatal visits | ||||||||||
| None | 84.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 26.6 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 0–2 days | 92.7 | 1.42 (0.81–2.48) | 0.211 | 2.86 (1.21–6.72) | 0.016 | 29.3 | 1.78 (1.38–2.29) | < 0.001 | 1.24 (0.92–1.67) | 0.149 |
| 3–42 days | 88.1 | 0.94 (0.51–1.76) | 0.880 | 0.74 (0.26–2.13) | 0.584 | 24.6 | 1.82 (1.41–2.35) | < 0.001 | 1.33 (1.00–1.79) | 0.052 |
| Antenatal visits | ||||||||||
| None | 89.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 17.8 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 1–3 | 86.6 | 1.13 (0.42–3.04) | 0.797 | 1.74 (0.56–5.37) | 0.334 | 23.2 | 1.51 (0.99–2.30) | 0.051 | 1.28 (0.80–2.05) | 0.302 |
| 4+ | 85.6 | 1.25 (0.46–3.36) | 0.651 | 1.34 (0.43–4.12) | 0.607 | 30.2 | 1.99 (1.31–3.03) | 0.001 | 1.40 (0.88–2.25) | 0.152 |
| Delivery assistance | ||||||||||
| Health professional | 87.6 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 35.9 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Traditional birth attendance | 81.7 | 0.46 (0.25–0.87) | 0.017 | 0.40 (0.18–0.87) | 0.022 | 22.7 | 0.50 (0.41–0.62) | < 0.001 | 1.21 (0.85–1.73) | 0.282 |
| Other untrained personnel | 85.0 | 0.81 (0.52–1.25) | 0.347 | 0.90 (0.53–1.50) | 0.703 | 22.8 | 0.56 (0.48–0.64) | < 0.001 | 1.27 (0.95–1.71) | 0.098 |
%* is the proportion of weighted cases by the study factors. COR crude odds ratio; AOR adjusted odds ratio: adjusted for maternal marital status, sex of the baby sex and gender, birth order and interval, geographical region, place of residence and maternal age. In the models of socioeconomic factors, an additional adjustment was made for health service factors as confounders of the association between socioeconomic factors and complementary feeding indicators. A similar strategy was used in models of health service factors, where additional adjustment for socioeconomic factors was performed