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. 2018 Nov 20;11:602. doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-3115-y

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© The Author(s). 2018

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 3 — Quantitative PCR results: differential expression by qRT-PCR of some candidate genes upregulated in microarray assays in An. funestus resistant to DDT (a) and permethrin (b). Error bars represent SD (n = 3). The presence of * on top of the two-fold changes for each gene indicates a statistically significant (P < 0.05) over-expression in resistant or non-exposed mosquitoes compared to the FANG susceptible strain; “ns” is shown when the difference was not significant