Table 2.
Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for becoming overweight or obese in 7 years of follow-up, across quintiles of alcohol intake (n = 13 822)
| Alcohol intake (quintile) |
Total n (%) | Incident overweight, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | Incident obesity, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | HR (95% CI)1 | n (%) | HR (95% CI)1 | ||
| Total2 | |||||
| 1 (abstainers) | 4624 (33.5) | 1711 (37.0) | 1.00 | 79 (1.7) | 1.00 |
| 2 | 2297 (16.6) | 829 (36.1) | 0.94 (0.86–1.02) | 32 (1.4) | 0.74 (0.49–1.12) |
| 3 | 2285 (16.5) | 812 (35.5) | 0.88 (0.81–0.96) | 27 (1.2) | 0.54 (0.34–0.84) |
| 4 | 2287 (16.6) | 719 (31.4) | 0.81 (0.74–0.90) | 21 (0.9) | 0.38 (0.22–0.64) |
| 5 | 2329 (16.9) | 706 (30.3) | 0.65 (0.58–0.73) | 13 (0.6) | 0.12 (0.05–0.25) |
| P for trend3 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||
| Beer | |||||
| 1–3 (0 servings/d) | 10 454 (75.6) | 3691 (35.3) | 1.00 | 144 (1.4) | 1.00 |
| 4 | 1856 (13.4) | 601 (32.4) | 0.90 (0.83–0.98) | 20 (1.1) | 0.74 (0.46–1.19) |
| 5 | 1512 (10.9) | 485 (32.1) | 0.90 (0.82–1.00) | 8 (0.5) | 0.34 (0.17–0.71) |
| P for trend | 0.005 | 0.003 | |||
| Wine | |||||
| 1–2 (0 servings/d) | 5579 (40.4) | 2067 (37.1) | 1.00 | 93 (1.7) | 1.00 |
| 3 | 2810 (20.3) | 992 (35.3) | 0.92 (0.85–1.00) | 32 (1.1) | 0.65 (0.43–0.97) |
| 4 | 3245 (23.5) | 1043 (32.1) | 0.83 (0.76–0.90) | 29 (0.9) | 0.48 (0.31–0.75) |
| 5 | 2188 (15.8) | 675 (30.9) | 0.75 (0.68–0.84) | 18 (0.8) | 0.35 (0.19–0.65) |
| P for trend3 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||
| Liquor | |||||
| 1–3 (0 servings/d) | 9537 (69.0) | 3341 (35.0) | 1.00 | 131 (1.4) | 1.00 |
| 4 | 1851 (13.4) | 664 (35.9) | 0.99 (0.91–1.08) | 21 (1.1) | 0.78 (0.49–1.24) |
| 5 | 2434 (17.6) | 772 (31.7) | 0.85 (0.78–0.93) | 20 (0.8) | 0.53 (0.32–0.88) |
| P for trend3 | 0.003 | 0.013 | |||
Multivariate models were adjusted for baseline age; race/ethnicity; education; height; weight; physical activity; smoking (never, former, or current); clinical trial arms; history of diabetes treatment, cardiovascular disease, and cancer; percent of total energy intake as fat and carbohydrate; fruit and vegetable intake; nonalcohol energy; and total calcium (diet plus supplement).
For total alcohol intake, quintile 1 was defined as alcohol abstainers (< 0.2 g/d), and higher levels of intake were evenly divided into quartiles (quintiles 2–5). The range of alcohol intake in each quartile was as follows (g/d): quintile 1, 0–<0.2; quintile 2, 0.2–1.77; quintile 3, 1.77–6.49; quintile 4, 6.49–13.55; and quintile 5, 13.55–197.
Test for trend (using quintile number as an ordinal variable).