Table 3.
Descriptive Statistics and the Associated Factors for m-Health Policy Readiness Among 112 Countries from Multivariate Ordinal Logistic Regression Model
| VARIABLES | LATE ADOPTERS | THE MAJORITY | INNOVATORS | COEFFICIENT (SE) | ADJUSTED OR (95% CI) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IDI, mean (SD)a | 4.49 (2.20) | 4.86 (2.35) | 5.60 (2.22) | 0.45 (0.17) | 1.57 (1.12–2.2)* | 0.01 |
| GNI per capita, mean (SD)b | 19,288 (25,078.6) | 19,041 (19607.6) | 23,758 (18018.8) | −0.000025 (0.000015) | 1.0 (0.99–1.0) | 0.10 |
| Government expenditure on health, mean (SD)c | 11.73 (4.53) | 12.14 (4.79) | 12.83 (4.93) | −0.04 (0.04) | 0.96 (0.89–1.05) | 0.42 |
| E-health training offered, n (%)d | ||||||
| Yes | 26 (28.9) | 32 (35.6) | 32 (35.6) | 1.49 (0.52) | 4.43 (1.60–12.27)* | <0.01 |
| No | 13 (59.1) | 7 (31.8) | 2 (9.1) | Ref | Ref | |
| Sub-Saharan Africa, n (%)e | ||||||
| Yes | 10 (37.0) | 10 (37.0) | 7 (25.9) | 1.24 (0.60) | 3.47 (1.06–11.34)** | 0.04 |
| No | 29 (34.1) | 29 (34.1) | 27 (31.8) | Ref | Ref | |
| Intercept | cut1, −2.09 (0.86) | — | 0.02 | |||
| cut2, −3.73 (0.91) | <0.01 | |||||
*
p < 0.01.
**
p < 0.05.
a
2015 ICT Development Index.
b
2015 GNI per capita, PPP (current international $).
c
2014 Government expenditure on health (% of total government expenditure).
d
E-health training for health professionals offered by any institution or association.
e
Located in sub-Saharan Africa.
CI, confidence interval; GNI, gross national income; IDI, ICT Development Index; OR, odds ratio; PPP, purchasing power parity; SD, standard deviation; SE, standard error.