Table 4.

Studies on Other Antimicrobial-Resistant Gram Negatives in Vegetables

Genus/species	No. of isolates from vegetables	Specification of vegetables	Tested antimicrobials (method)	Region	Source
Acinetobacter spp.	89	Leaf lettuces, tomatoes, and carrots	Amikacin, cefepime, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, imipenem, tetracycline (disk diffusion)	Portugal	Jones-Dias et al. (2016)
Cronobacter spp.	34	Carrot, cucumber, leafy greens, sprouts, and others	Ampicillin, amoxicillin+-clavulanic acid, apramycin, aztreonam, cefotaxime, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, colistin, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, meropenem, nalidixic acid, neomycin, streptomycin, sulfonamides, co-trimoxazole, tetracycline, trimethoprim (disk diffusion)	Czech Republic	Vojkovska et al. (2016)
Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter gergoviae, Pantoea agglomerans	172, 92, 96	Fruit, root, bulbous vegetables, salads, and cereals	Amikacin, amoxicillin+clavulanate (not tested in E. cloacae), ampicillin (E. gergoviae only), apramycin, cefaclor (not tested in E. cloacae), cefepime, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, colistin,adoxycycline, enrofloxacin, imipenem, mezlocillin, neomycin, netilmicin, piperacillin, piperacillin+tazobactam, gentamicin, streptomycin, co-trimoxazole, tobramycin (microdilution)	Germany	Schwaiger et al. (2011a)
Helicobacter pylori	52	Leek, radish, basil, parsley, spinach, lettuce, cabbage, carrot, scallion, chive, fenugreek, coriander, pepper, turnip, beet, garlic, maize, broccoli, and cucumber, commercial and traditional salad samples	Amoxicillin, ampicillin, cefsulodin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, furazolidone, levofloxacin, metronidazole, rifampin, spiramycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, trimethoprim (disk diffusion)	Iran	Yahaghi et al. (2014)
Enterobacteriaceae, Helicobacter pylori, Coliforms, Acinetobacter baumannii, Sphingobacterium multivorum, Cronobacter spp.	Each study <25 or studies, which mix/sum up resistance data of different genera	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	Bezanson et al. (2008); Hassan et al. (2011); Mokhtari et al. (2012); Campos et al. (2013); Hemmatinezhad et al. (2016); Jones-Dias et al. (2016); Mesbah Zekar et al. (2017); Fei et al. (2018)

Font normal: resistance tested but not found; underlined: resistance in one single isolate; bold face: resistance in two or more isolates. Resistance defined as in the original study.

^aR > 8 mg/L.