Table 5.

Studies on Antimicrobial-Resistant Gram-Positive Cocci in Vegetables

Species	No. of isolates from vegetables	Specification of vegetables	Tested antimicrobials (method)	Region	Source
Staphylococcus aureus	53	Lettuce, perilla leaf, and sprouts	Amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, erythromycin, gentamicin, imipenem, linezolid, nitrofurantoin, oxacillin, penicillin, quinupristin/dalfopristin, telithromycin, tetracycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, vancomycin (disk diffusion)	Korea	Hong et al. (2015)
Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus succinus, Staphylococcus xylosus	49, 14, 18	Soybean products: meju and doenjang	Ampicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamicin, lincomycin, penicillin G, tetracycline, trimethoprim (disk diffusion)	Korea	Jeong et al. (2016)
Enterococcus faecalis	100	Fruit, root, bulbous vegetables, salads, and cereals	Amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, ampicillin, mezlocillin, imipenem, gentamicin high level, streptomycin high level, chloramphenicol, florfenicol, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, moxifloxacin, vancomycin, teicoplanin, erythromycin, tylosin, linezolid, doxycycline, nitrofurantoin, rifampicin	Germany	Schwaiger et al. (2011a)
Enterococcus faecium, E. faecalis	26, 9	Herbs, spinach, and leafy greens	Ampicillin, bacitracin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, linezolid, nitrofurantoin, penicillin, quinupristin–dalfopristin,a streptomycin high level, teicoplanin, tetracycline, vancomycin (disk diffusion)	Canada	Allen et al. (2013)
Enterococcus casseliflavus, E. faecalis, E. faecium, Enterococcus hirae, Enterococcus gallinarum, Enterococcus spp.	40, 20, 18, 9, 5, 16	Ready-to-eat salads (split or mixed leaves, carrot, and corn)	Amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin, minocycline, nitrofurantoin, quinupristin–dalfopristin,b streptomycin, teicoplanin, tetracycline, vancomycin	Portugal	Campos et al. (2013)
E. faecium, E. hirae, E. faecalis, E. casseliflavus	34, 23, 4, 4	Vegetables, soil, and irrigation water	Ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin high level, kanamycin high level, streptomycin high level, teicoplanin, tetracycline, trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, vancomycinc (disk diffusion)	Tunisia	Ben Said et al. (2016)
	Each study <25	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	Abriouel et al. (2008); Gomes et al. (2008); Hassan et al. (2011); Burgos et al. (2014); Lavilla Lerma et al. (2014); Pesavento et al. (2014); Rodriguez-Palacios et al. (2014); Xu et al. (2014); Hao et al. (2015)

Font normal: resistance tested, but not found; underlined: resistance in one single isolate; bold face: resistance in two or more isolates. Resistance defined as in the original study.

^aE. faecalis; ^bE. casseliflavus, E. faecalis; ^cE. casseliflavus.