Table 7.
Prevalence of Vegetable-Borne Bacteria with Particularly Relevant Antimicrobial Resistance (Examples)
| Microorganism | Antimicrobial resistance | Prevalence of resistance: No. of resistant isolates/total No. of isolates (%) | Vegetable source | Region | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (serovar Albany, Brunei, Kralingen) | Third-generation cephalosporin | 4/134 (3.0) | Indigenous vegetable food | Malaysia | Yoke-Kqueen et al. (2008) |
| Bacillus cereus | Vancomycin | 1/87 (1.2) | Fermented soybeans | Korea | Yim et al. (2015) |
| 5/35 (14.3) | Sunsik | Korea | Lee et al. (2012) | ||
| Escherichia coli | ESBL genes | 3/56 (5.4) | Lettuce | Portugal | Araújo et al. (2017) |
| One from 32 salad samples | Salad | Spain | Egea et al. (2011) | ||
| ESBL genes and phenotypes | Zero from 400 fruit or vegetable samples | Fruit and vegetables | United Kingdom | Randall et al. (2017) | |
| Carbapenem | 12/180 (6.6) | Leek, radish, basil, spinach, lettuce, traditional salads, commercial salads | Iran | Shakerian et al. (2016) | |
| mcr1 | 1/? | Lettuce | Portugal | Jones-Dias et al. (2016) | |
| 0/230 | Vegetables | United States | Mavrici et al. (2017) | ||
| 2/60 (3.3) from 42 samples | Imported vegetables | Switzerland | Zurfuh et al. (2016) | ||
| Enterobacteriaceae | ESBL phenotype | 44/97 | Various vegetables and fruits | Algeria | Mesbah Zekar et al. (2017) |
| Enterobacteriaceae (E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Cronobacter sakazakii) | ESBL phenotype+ESBL genes | 25.4% of vegetable samples | Imported vegetables | Dominican Republic, India, Thailand, Vietnam (imported to Switzerland) | Zurfluh et al. (2015) |
| Enterobacteriaceae (K. pneumonia, Serratia marcescens) | ESBL phenotype+ESBL genes | 3/138 (2.2) from 9 samples | Iceberg lettuce | United States | Bhutani et al. (2015) |
| Raoultella terrigena | ESBL genes | 2/2 | Salads | Portugal | Campos et al. (2013) |
| Pseudomonas spp. | Colistin,a imipenem, meropenema | 8/401 (2.0), 26/401 (6.5), 1/401 (0.2) from 1001 samples | Fruit, root, bulbous vegetables, salads, and cereals | Germany | Schwaiger et al. (2011a) |
| Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) | Linezolid | 1/53 | Leafy vegetables | Korea | Hong et al. (2015) |
| Enterococcus faecalis+faecium | Vancomycin | 3/160 (1.9) from 540 samples | Vegetables+environment (not specified) | Korea | Kim et al. (2017a) |
| E. faecalis+faecium | Linezolid | 1/100 (1.0), 1/59 (1.7) from 1001 samples | Fruit, root, bulbous vegetables, salads and cereals | Germany | Schwaiger et al. (2011a) |
a
R > 8; CLSI breakpoint: R ≥ 8, for colistin recently adjusted to R ≥ 4.
?, unknown number; CLSI, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; ESBL, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase; MSSA, methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus.