Table 1. Compounds shown to elicit thalidomide-like embryopathic effects in the rabbit or non-human primate species.

Name	Systematic name	Structure	Test species and references
dl-Thalidomide (dl-α-phthalimidoglutarimide) [1]	2-(2,6-Dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione		Cynomolgus monkey27
			Rhesus monkey28
			Baboon29
			Marmoset30
			Rabbit31,32
d-Thalidomide (d-α-phthalimidoglutarimide) [2]	2-[(3S)-2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl]-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione		Rabbit23
l-Thalidomide (l-α-phthalimidoglutarimide) [3]	2-[(3R)-2,6-Dioxopiperidin-3-yl]-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione		Rabbit23
dl-3-Aminothalidomide (dl-3-amino-α-phthalimidoglutarimide) [4]	4-Amino-2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione		Rabbit33
dl-3-Nitrothalidomide (dl-3-nitro-α-phthalimidoglutarimide) [5]	2-(2,6-Dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-4-nitro-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione		Rabbit33,34
3-Methylthalidomide (α-phthalimido-3-methylglutarimide) [6]	2-(3-Methyl-2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione		Marmoset35
N-Methylthalidomide (α-phthalimido-N-methylglutarimide) [7]	2-(1-Methyl-2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione		Rabbit36
Thalidomide analogue EM12 (2-(2,6-dioxopiperidine-3-yl)-phthalimide) [8]	3-(1-Oxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl)piperidine-2,6-dione		Rhesus monkey38
			Marmoset39,40
			Rabbit37,38
Thalidomide analogue EM12 S-(–)-enantiomer [9]	(3S)-3-(1-Oxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl)piperidine-2,6-dione		Marmoset39,41
Thalidomide analogue EM12 R-(+)-enantiomer [10]	(3R)-3-(1-Oxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl)piperidine-2,6-dione		Marmoset39,41
Thalidomide analogue EM136 [11]	3-(1,3-Dioxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol-2yl)piperidine-2-one		Rabbit37
Thalidomide analogue EM255 [12]	3-(1-Oxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl)piperidine-2-one		Rabbit37