Table 1. Sample Characteristics of the Overall Cohort and PTSD and Control Subgroups of Veterans Aged 18 to 70 Years, Who Were Free of Diabetes at Index (N = 5654).
| Variable | No. (%) | P Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (N = 5654) | Patients Without PTSD (n = 2204) | Patients With PTSD (n = 3450) | ||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 44.7 (14.4) | 47.7 (14.3) | 42.8 (14.2) | <.001 |
| Male | 4843 (85.7) | 1860 (84.4) | 2983 (86.5) | .03 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White | 3664 (64.8) | 1426 (64.7) | 2238 (64.9) | <.001 |
| Black | 1224 (21.7) | 372 (16.9) | 852 (24.7) | |
| Other | 352 (6.2) | 125 (5.7) | 227 (6.6) | |
| Missing | 414 (7.3) | 281 (12.8) | 133 (3.9) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Not married | 2998 (53.0) | 1077 (48.9) | 1921 (55.7) | <.001 |
| Married | 2481 (43.9) | 956 (43.4) | 1525 (44.2) | |
| Missing | 175 (3.1) | 171 (7.8) | <5 (<0.1)a | |
| VHA-only insurance | 3712 (65.7) | 1502 (68.2) | 2210 (64.1) | .002 |
| High primary HCU | 1413 (25.0) | 379 (17.2) | 1034 (30.0) | <.001 |
| Psychiatric conditions and psychotropic medicationsb | ||||
| Depression | 2958 (52.3) | 433 (19.7) | 2525 (73.2) | <.001 |
| Other anxiety disorderc | 1414 (25.0) | 272 (12.3) | 1142 (33.1) | <.001 |
| Sleep disorder | 2627 (46.5) | 604 (27.4) | 2023 (58.6) | <.001 |
| Alcohol abuse or dependence | 1929 (34.1) | 365 (16.6) | 1564 (45.3) | <.001 |
| Drug abuse or dependence | 1310 (23.2) | 236 (10.7) | 1074 (31.1) | <.001 |
| Antidepressant use | 3848 (68.1) | 761 (34.5) | 3087 (89.5) | <.001 |
| Atypical antipsychotic use | 1264 (22.4) | 125 (5.7) | 1139 (33.0) | <.001 |
| Physical conditions | ||||
| Hypertension | 2616 (46.3) | 965 (43.8) | 1651 (47.9) | .003 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 2645 (46.8) | 941 (42.7) | 1704 (49.4) | <.001 |
| Obesityd | 3026 (53.5) | 987 (44.8) | 2039 (59.1) | <.001 |
| Smokinge | 2884 (51.0) | 917 (41.6) | 1967 (57.0) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: ICM-9-CM, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification; HCU, health care use; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; VHA, Veterans Health Administration.
a
Not included in calculations because of small number in cell.
b
Comorbidities occur anytime in follow-up (fiscal years 2009 to 2015), prior to either diabetes onset or last visit date.
c
A composite of panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, and anxiety not otherwise specified.
d
Defined by a body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) of 30 or more or ICD-9-CM code.
e
Current smoker per health factor records or ICD-9-CM code.